Note that the following photos, Germany this spring after a huge wind, forests in some places, local, and swept the horrors of light. It is, in history. As the earth warms, more and more of these tragedies.
number of basic conditions and soil erosion area in China
367 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of land area. until the nineties before the four years, official data has been a 1.2 million square kilometers, or 153 million square kilometers, this is actually a rough statistics fifties left figure. VIII at the turn of the nineties, the first application of advanced remote sensing techniques, soil erosion in the survey carried out last year, obtained The number of 3.67 million square kilometers, and to recognize that China is the world's most serious soil erosion in the country. (19) more than 100 billion tons of fertile soil each year down the drain, the loss of 1,000 mu of cultivated land equivalent to 30 cm thick plow layer, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients than the country's annual output of chemical fertilizers, and organic matter loss is extremely difficult to make up. (20)
CCP has four decades, the average annual additional area of 53,500 square kilometers soil erosion . According to latest statistics from Ministry of Water Resources, from 1991 to 1995, an annual increase of man-made soil erosion area is over 10,000 square kilometers, the trend is slowing down. As Deputy Minister of Water Resources Zhang Chunyuan said: growing loss of situation. keep up with damage control. million square kilometers. According to Beijing, edge damage, damage control can not keep up the pace A mystery of the unknown factors that we have at work.
long I think. the main areas of soil erosion in China: Northwest Loess Plateau, north of Rocky Mountain, Black Soil, Southwest Rocky Mountains, Southern red soil hilly region. mm I'm standing before a map of China in a substantial addition to the search mm downstream flood plains of rivers, forests covered some good areas, deserts, asphalt, city, water and sparsely populated areas, where there is soil erosion has not yet occupied territory? Suddenly, a flash of lightning pierced the Chaos: the widening area of soil erosion mitigation, is it possible loss of the area have all been lost?
mm how? my astonishment, and immediately performed a simple calculation: In accordance with common sense, the general area of soil erosion does not occur and the ratio of share of land: the northern contiguous grassland 2.86 million square km west (30% of total land area), 770,000 square kilometers of forest (8%), industrial and communications 700,000 square kilometers of urban land (7.2%), (22 ) paddy 250,000 square kilometers (2.6%), river and lake water surface 260,000 square kilometers (2.78%), barren hills, tideland, icebergs, glaciers, permanent snow, the desert, Gobi, stone bone to 1.92 million square feet and coral reefs km (20%). (23) were all added together, a total of 6.5 million square kilometers, accounting for 70.58% of land area; with erosion of official information above 38.2%, an unexpected new problem occurred: area, We calculate 38.2% smaller than the area of soil erosion; First, our common sense a problem, we have identified the land erosion can not occur (such as hills, urban land use, industrial and communications) was also lost. If the above interpretation of the general good, if the 3
8.2% of remote sensing digital general correct, then the area of soil erosion on the Chinese growth has slowed down the interpretation of this mysterious phenomenon, it can only be:
soil erosion in the area of China has reached super-saturation, the loss of all that in the loss of land have been.
mm original, hidden behind the good news turned out to be such a secret.
this bad, s slowing down: the Republic of China remain at 1.59 billion tons, 1.73 billion tons fifties and sixties 1.83 billion tons, 1.27 billion tons seventies, suddenly reduce 560 million tons. mm appears, the situation has greatly improved. According to the experts were analyzed, one of the reasons is that there are 1.5 to 300 million tons of sediment was blocked in the newly built water and soil conservation project (including siltation in the reservoir and dam in the 88%, while the terraces, grass, and cited flood irrigation is only 12%). but even these were blocked with sediment, soil erosion and seventies, but only 14.3 ~ 15.7 million tons, a slight improvement in the situation can still be said. According to another view, the actual loss of soil about 18 to 19 million tons, also did not accelerate the deterioration to say the least. But behind the good news is the decrease in rainfall. According to statistics, from 1971 to 1985, these fifteen years, the Loess Plateau rainfall 11% below normal, and the main estuary sediment area between Longmen less than normal 15%. (24) In other words, the improved soil erosion or stability of the Yellow River, one important reason is to reduce erosion area rainfall. The end result of soil erosion desertification, reduction of rainfall means the beginning of desertification. Thus, the situation has improved since the seventies the interpretation of soil erosion can only be: the trend of ecological deterioration has entered a more severe stage. the most convincing evidence is : Since 1972, the Yellow River began to stop. Experts have begun to predict: the Yellow River will become a seasonal river or inland river. We go back to the first view that the beginning of the disaster.
may now be able to answer that on a question raised: is only one China, but also where to move it?
nearly forty years, China's population center of gravity is always in a hundred square kilometers of land within the narrow wandering, (25) This super-steady-state population distribution pattern, in fact, suggests that living space has long been exhausted.
moved to the Pacific to go up?
or move to Siberia , moved to Southeast Asia?
but Kaijiangtuotu times have gone out.
six hundred million people hanging overhead, the seven swords
handle another major hazard is the erosion of the river bed, flooding frequently .
Yellow River bed per year rate of 10 cm high, since the CCP has been three times since the dam heightening not only costly but no solution has entered a cycle. downstream river bed, Jinan has been higher than 5 meters, 10 meters above Kaifeng, Xinxiang higher than 15 meters, 20 meters higher than the Zhengzhou. (26) Once the dike breach, hundreds of millions of lives and the Huang-Huai Plain City facility, all suffered heavy losses. This is not a river, which is top in the Chinese head a time bomb. more incredible is that, following the Yellow River, China addition of the six rivers is becoming a , Yellow River, Haihe, Liaohe, Songhua River. the water topped the Yangtze River, for example, downstream siltation not only serious, Hubei Province, Jingjiang River bed has 10 meters above ground. serious siltation of the navigable length of the Yangtze River in 1957 The 70,000 km down to 3 to 4 million km, to reduce by about half. From the sixties to the eighties twenty years, the National Inland Navigation mileage decreased from 172,000 km to 108,000 km. Hubei Province in 1960 has navigable mileage of 14
300 km within two years reduced the 6
400 km, down nearly 45%. Sichuan Province, early fifties, 91 navigable rivers, the late eighties only 51 navigable rivers , a range of shorter 8
000 km. Yangtze River Region 6
000 多个 Yantang sedimentation reservoir storage is half the downstream lake area decreased by half. There are three half: reduce by half the storage capacity, the lake area is reduced by half, navigation mileage reduced by half. are reduced half and half, we can see the situation deteriorate so fast. Tianjin (Hai), Shanghai (Huangpu River), Nanjing (Yangtze River), Guangzhou (Pearl River) and a dozen cities downstream ground elevation, although at present slightly higher than the bed, but the flood season approaches, coupled with tidal backwater, river water rising to the level under the. such as Shanghai, the Bund's wall. tide of flood came, there will be . (27) standard is low, the majority of defense only once in ten to twenty years of flood, the highest standards of Yellow River dike defense only once in six decades .1998 flood floods, thousands of dangerous situation of Yangtze River, of which nearly 2
000 处 may burst at any time. Even under the The three oil fields have been Nen floods levees, flooded more than two thousand wells hh increasing trend as long as the deposition of river bed are not fundamental to reverse, one day, half of China will be Hongshuitaotian the flood plain. Seven hanging river mm was placed on the Chinese head of the seven sword of Damocles.
also depleting water resources against soil erosion, land desertification, erratic weather, floods and droughts alternately, geological disasters, etc., otherwise special chapter deals, not repeat here.
not out of China before, especially not stay in the United States before I soil erosion in China has no strong feelings. the United States is to protect the ecological environment was not the best, But also I was deeply moved. from my Chinese eyes looked, one after another fairy tale. who live near the Delaware River, frequented picnic, the river is clear, the shore of the woods, has been long to water, the leaves hanging down, fanning the water. This is the meaning of the beauty of Ecology: Vegetation good, with no soil erosion, flood than the minimum dry seasons flow stability. I have been twice to the University of Pittsburgh, the two speeches, each time have lingered in the confluence of two rivers a long time in Pittsburgh could not bear to leave. Pittsburgh is famous Steel City during the American industry, and now left steel mills, railway, port and other sites. Pittsburgh's terrain near my hometown of Chongqing, is the convergence between two rivers, there are mountains and rivers is also a very beautiful place. but Pittsburgh also has a diametrically opposite, and Chongqing place, it is vibration. in the exchange of the two rivers Triangle, Chongqing is Chaotianmen terminal, here is a riverside park, Pittsburgh a well-known attractions. that the park ground, only one meter above the river Xu. In other words, the four seasons of water is extremely stable, dry flood than close to zero. The second time I went was just after the flood, the water marks left and park only the horizon, I suspect was walking in a magical dream. Chongqing has a very wide flood, dry flood seasons, water level difference of up to 20 meters, 30 meters Wanxian, and even the Pearl River has 10 tributaries to meters Liujiang. things are In contrast to obtain its meaning. American River, so I understand what is the river, what is soil erosion, what is the Chinese people's living environment.
Chapter irresistible
looking Niger Desertification Ya River (slightly)
cases: terror, , a sudden strong wind was blowing sand dust storm rolled up, forming a wall of dust about 400 meters high wall,
descend quickly from west to east.
instantaneous maximum wind speed of 34 meters / second, wind up to 12.
within 20 minutes of heaven and earth was dark and visibility reduced to zero.
sandstorm wall from bottom to top was black, red, yellow three, each group had severe dust ball rolling, issued a dull roar,
a could be heard two kilometers outside the hh occurred in at 15:42 on the 5th attacked Jinchang, 16:40 attacks Wuwei City, 17:00
whole attack Gulang, 17:50 attacks Jingtai, 19:26 hh dust storms swept across central defender attacks in western China, However, after
earth lie north and east coast of the Korean Peninsula and Japan soared far. The black storm into the attack in Xinjiang, Gansu,
Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, the wind speed reached 25 to 34 m / s, wind up to 8 ~ 12, sandstorm wall up to 500 ~ 700 meters,
like a mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb explosion, severe rolling Feishazoudan. At that time both indoor and outdoor pitch five
mean, the wind blew, as if the sky falls down, doom .
afterwards, according to the announcement, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, four cities in 18 provinces, 72 counties and 110 million sq
square km area, 120 million people were affected, with direct economic losses of 600 million yuan so. death 85 people, 31 people missing,
people injured 2 **; sandstorms killed, buried alive and missing livestock 120 000 (only), the affected livestock 730 000 (only); agricultural crops affected
560 mu, 24.5 mu of orchard severely affected; buried 4
412 houses destroyed, the buried drains 2000 km Guaduan downed poles 6
021 roots, power, communications, water conservancy facilities severely damaged; Gulan Tai railway line interrupted for four days through the new railway in Xinjiang Lan
interrupt thirty-one hours, about 40 trains blocked tens of thousands of passengers stranded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences expert investigation hh
, hit several major desert have moved forward a few hundred meters to several kilometers, the topsoil is scraped away 10 ~
50 cm; burial thickness of 20 cm, the 1.5 m thick; and influence on the Korean peninsula and Japan the number of dust is not
absolutely, panic.
subsequent studies have shown that the formation of being the ground for the destruction of its original desert wind erosion rate 10 times higher than
100 times. more than a month later, in Sandstorm is a long-growing land desertification inevitable consequences.
not catch the speed control on the speed of desertification, Zai Yu if a strong wind after a few years, the heavy rains will increase to ten times, hundred times, the consequences
unthinkable.
and West,
annual sandstorm days 20 to 40 days; in the Hexi Corridor, Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi to the west line of 15 ~ 25 days per year; Qinghai
southwest 10 to 25 days per year. Moreover, dust storms occurred in Northwest China frequency, intensity and degree of harm, are growing in
. 5 times the fifties and sixties 8 times, 13 times the seventies and eighties 14, ninety years ago on behalf
14. part of the wind over 10 dust storms, visibility is less than 50 meters, a particularly strong sandstorm
black storm. (4) However, land desertification, dust storms in the entire loss in a very small proportion. careful to make no sound of the shortage
desertification, the average annual direct economic loss statistics is 540 billion; earth-shattering .
but this all across the longitude of the super dust storm in China, after all, is an unmistakable warning: Desertification in relentlessly accelerating trend
potential is huge ecological catastrophe has come.
downfall of Central Asia history, is being repeated on a larger scale.
is Western countries have thirty-six,
later increased to more than fifty countries. The more famous are Loulan, Qiemo, absolutely fine, Khotan, skin Hill, drainage, etc. Le.
built on the river most of these ancient downstream, lush plants. but flourished centuries, all destroyed.
ancient destruction of these reasons, scholars have largely reached a consensus: ecological disaster.
oasis ecological environment after all, is very vulnerable. but for this disaster What is climate change from over-cultivation, then there are different views
. Xinhua News Agency, Urumqi, May 1, 1997 - declared: the demise of these small oases, in the past has been that
caused by climate change. historians After the inspection that the river back, a liquidity desert oasis, the main
large-scale destruction of Reclamation, only a minor role in natural factors. Among the many around the city, and today can still see the ancient massive Farm's
sites. The judge looks pretty convincing, although the ancestors did not imagine
ignorance. For example, the oldest in the world on environmental protection have long been a deep understanding of, and the form of law to determine the next
. Guni Ya's Loulan people in addition to a similar forest law, but also control of water, the collection
water tax.
made the occasion of greater than rainfall, desertification began to occur.
desertification around the world have had an argument, the three-stage process similar to the one Hegel:
【subject 】: 1921, Pavel (Bovill) dried up because of the Senegal River to inspect, that Caesar
Sahara Desert is the southern edge of ecological degradation,
Middle Park (Lowber
Milk) conducted a further study of this phenomenon, pointed out that > 【antithesis】: 1949, French scholar Aobo Wheeler (Aubreville) study in Africa found that there had not
desert regions of tropical and subtropical forests, under the influence of human activities may also be reduced to rare tree grassland, then this kind of reverse evolution
defined as Theory of the opposite theory, research on desertification a major breakthrough, recognition by the international community in general
.
Question】 【together: In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of desertification is defined as
change and human activities caused by factors such as arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas of soil degradation. patent, semi-humid areas can be turned into desert-like with
; to Combat Desertification in Asia-Pacific region was the implementation of this document were also an important supplement to the definition:
landscape change process. Brief summary of .1977
years after the research area of desertification in China, mainly from the western region of sandy desert, turning the northern semi-arid pastoral areas
the eastern sub-humid zones and the North China Plain Low hilly eastern coastal area. (5) that,
the threat of desertification in China, not just the Taklimakan Desert in northwest such rapid expansion, and have now is the political culture of the country's economy
the focus of the ecological environment in southeastern parts of the self-evolution. Otherwise, those from
report: China's existing land desertification, 25.4% were caused by the over-cultivation,
31.8% is caused by excessive cutting firewood, 28.3% were caused by over-grazing, improper water use accounted for 8.3%
mining, transportation, urban construction, damage to vegetation caused by accounting for 0.7%. (6)
Forestry Minister Xu Youfang expressed frankly admitted without reservation: Natural factors are only 5.5%, while 94.5% is caused by man. coverage of China's major achievements in combating desertification. Although the Chinese Government failed to do,
but rather try and create some impressive typical model: known as the > Shapotou Zhongwei County in the summer, with oasis hh and so on.
decades of hard practice, more than 100 Chinese summarize the successful experience in combating desertification, many of which technology is leading the world
, widely appreciated and attention. < br> affected by the media over the years I have always thought: the control of desertification, the Chinese in the world. in-depth look,
problems have:
advanced models excellent, even impressive, but why no one follow up? Shapotou, Yulin, Yulin, Shapotou h
h Dianlaidaoqu always those few names. experience and Ye Hao, but why can not generally been to promote application
? the opposite case is abound: slash and burn here, where deforestation, collusion between officials and the people here, that hit the police hh
in the end, both sides of the sum of the results of all the events are: desertification, not only fails to be
containment continues to increase.
ask why it is worth the.
the most direct factor is the lack of funds. Sand provinces and cities have developed plans, years of combating desertification 1.3511 million mu,
funding for the 12.22 billion yuan. From the implementation point of view, in addition to 100 million yuan each year to implement better the discount interest loan scheme, its
hard to place his money. (10) years invested 12.22 billion yuan, an annual average of 1.222 billion yuan , which is an annual direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan
then, a black storm 6 billion in direct economic loss is not commensurate with such figures.
1 亿元 together to put in place only while the other funding is hard to say In fact, planning has become Huabing. financial stress is indeed true, but many earn less money
have a usage problem. limousines and public funds spent money on eating and drinking, I am afraid that every year 2
000 亿 not hit live, hundreds of millions of governance funds each year nearly 10 200 times. do have money to corrupt, can not even pay
to govern land desertification, heartless?
the money, not worth mentioning, but What matters is that the following two major drawbacks:
First,
the list of ecological protection project, the spirit of the great one can imagine.
first conceived and implemented the br> sand line It is in defense of prosecution Beijing
the environment. strength. Shortage
desert the crux of defeated. focus and determination are the biggest point, easy to make a breakthrough. It is this way, the to 13.22% in 1991, is the national growth rate of 5.97 times over the same period. According to media reports, over the years trapped
interference with sand in Beijing began to slow down, blowing day, dust on dust storm days are substantially reduced. (12) Unfortunately, the trend has not shortage of desert combat
, Spring 2000, Beijing suffered 10 sandstorms row, the people complaining bitterly. From this, the Beijing Government is determined to invest 200 billion within the next ten years, plant trees in Inner Mongolia, sand control, to improve the Beijing
ancient and national desertification trends continue to deteriorate. So, had to re-expand the line, with the same lines, Ethernet lines
mountain shelter to strengthen the defense of Beijing and north China to the Yangtze River in the upper soil erosion in Yangtze River Forest block ,
to desertification of farmland shelterbelts in block to block coastal wave of coastal protection forest. record of how, depends. but along
hit > full, the natural ecological environment improvement. but not a : to avoid the fundamental reform of ownership to national plans, administrative intervention can out of the woods?
or for a question is asked: people did not enthusiasm, government funding alone can not put up forest species, and protect the back?
look at a few examples:
liquidity Taklimakan Desert, is known as the years. poplar leaves, hours, such as willow, slightly such as maple,
grow into, such as Yang, so is also known as , anti-sandstorm
excellent tree. than the sesame seed is still small, scattered by floating down the wind, moist place once the fall, dozens of hours they
take root, we can see the tenacious vitality. Populus root system not only the body has stored a lot of water and more water more
dry. 6,7 meters in height, however, extremely thick stocky. canopy is small, it is the clumps of leaves and branches of steel. has written for
home Road: their body from top to bottom can be described completely, millions of years of wind left a knife sword dense sand
cracks. People call Populus as a a thousand years dead, dead, thousands
years does not fall, down a thousand immortal!
reports, from 1957 to 1977, two years, three sides of the Taklimakan Desert East West 5
680 million mu of the original poplar (Populus dominated forests or) were cut 4
000 acres, more than 70% cut, in addition, there are 3
000 million mu of Tamarix have been uprooted. For example, in order to reclaim the desert in a block of 16 acres of poplar,
Hotan County organized a thousand people set fire to the forest, the fire burned a full twenty days, 25.7 million mu of new farmland.
one to three years after the desert into the * vast majority of newly reclaimed land was forced to abandoned, lost Populus barrier began a large number of sandy farmland
.
An Dier River 80 km west of there is a long poplar zone, when the administrative division it included Qiemo; because the history of this belt is on the west side of
The Minfeng, caused a legal dispute between the two counties. higher authorities made a
dry, have the right to free
profit. When officials are divided as a struggle for power and advantage between the people just-do, a valuable opportunity to put the
thoroughly chopped with poplar. Celle County and Luo Puxian also occurred in a similar dispute, the result is to a
25 km long and 7,8 km wide with a damaged light poplar. these counties the county, has been moved under the desert into the *
moved more than 100 kilometers. Celle, Freeman, leather Hill County has moved three times, and now the desert and * to the city, in addition
onto the Kunlun Mountains to the county, is on her own bedding roll stray afar.
such human devastation, in the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, 内蒙古古兰泰 Salt Lake, Plateau, Hebei Province,
in the Hotan River and so many places have happened, or happening. < br> The two reporters Nan Yi writes bitterly: ; Three North too vague. summer desert,
surface temperature above 80 degrees Celsius, while on the deformed rubber shoes, iron deep into the soles of sand.
average amount of rainfall is only 37 mm (minimum Year 8 mm), evaporation is more than 100 times. is this the only oasis,
1951 ~ 1983 of three years, the forest cover decreased by 85 million mu, and an average annual rate of decline of 2.6 million mu. < br> This is the last oasis in an oasis called Juyan has nourished the into the many
Badanjilin surrounded by desert. It is incredible, composition and Haloxylon forest surround the oasis was massive and Populus actually broken
bad. poplar misfortune is that it can do good firewood; Haloxylon trees is unfortunate gift to a layer: it is a tumor of the root parasitic
Results - rare medicinal herbs This car can be sold a few thousand dollars
firewood and more ...
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