Mother and her Saowan go home
friends
Huaxi Dushi Bao, a reporter on the ground confirmation net posts,
a Year-old boy to help his mother sweep the streets really is it? The day before yesterday afternoon, the Huaxi Dushi Bao, a reporter drove to the Alleviation Day shangxingzhen this investigation.
1 online hot
-year-old street sweeping, true or false?
2 20 May, a
street sweeping story of the little boy by the six paragraphs of text images and the composition of the photo in the dim light, the little boy wearing a red jacket and spend a pair of black trousers, wearing a pair of red cotton shoes, pants and shoes on a number of sticky mud. It is such an innocent boy, holding a broom above his big double, hard to be swept into a pile of garbage on the ground.
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thread message. Being moved at the same time,
2 post said
he really sweep the floor, I was shot!
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found the little boy. Lei Jun accompanying friend told,
returned to Beijing, this group of photos of the little boy once again sweep the streets Jun touched mine.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Gray income and national income distribution
Gray income and national income distribution (the)
Wang Xiaolu
Introduction
2005-2006 years, we have dozens of different sizes throughout the city conducted a survey of urban income and consumption. On this basis, 2007 years of a speech entitled and the National Economic Research Institute China Reform Foundation funding, completed in 2007). In this report, of the 2005 projections of disposable income of urban residents, there are 4.8 trillion yuan is not reflected in income statistics hidden income, mainly in high-income class. of the hidden income that most of these are the highest income and lowest income 10% of all the income gap between families from 9 times to 31 times; the country the highest income and lowest income residents of the 10% of the income gap between families from 21 times to 55 times. This means that China imbalance in the distribution of national income than in the past generally understand the situation more serious.
The report also based on household car ownership, commercial housing sales, the number of private people travel abroad, as well as the distribution of the data bank, from different perspectives income (mainly high-income residents income) were estimated to calculate the results of these cross-validation. but also a source of income for the gray some preliminary analysis, that this was mainly due to institutional shortcomings caused an urgent need to promote structural reform to address the problem of imbalance in the distribution of national income.
the projection method and the results are credible? after a few years, the national income distribution situation has changed? To answer these questions, we in 2009 re-organization of the urban households income and expenditure survey (data collected for the year 2008 data), and the survey data based on new research and analysis. This report on the scope of this survey, investigation and analysis, and the presentation of the results, and further analysis on this basis, the phenomenon of imbalance in the distribution of national income and the required response.
report of the first part of this report income of urban residents of our survey methods and sample distribution. The second part about the analysis, reporting the results of technical analysis. The third part of the survey data and technical analysis, based on the projected disposable income of urban residents and real true level of income inequality. The fourth part is the source of income for the further analysis of gray . The fifth part of gray income effect on the distribution of national income. sixth part is the conclusion of this report.
an income of urban residents survey methods and sample distribution
1. how to get the real survey data
The author believes that the current statistics on the income survey data there are significant distortion. particularly on high-income residents of urban disposable income, the distortion is very serious. This does not mean the survey methodology or calculation errors. the current urban and rural residents household survey sample is based on statistical random sampling method determined. This method itself does not exist systematic errors. but it must be noted the following:
1. the existing household survey sample is determined based on a voluntary basis But high-income residents do not want to have a large proportion of the survey, resulting in the sampling process was forced to replace the sample, so the sample occurred during the replacement of missing high-income residents.
2. included in the survey sample high-income residents, many people are reluctant to provide their real income information. In their report the income, wage income of the true extent of the higher, while other income may be low; in particular, some of them do not want to have a large number of exposure of unknown origin problem, it is difficult in the existing statistical sample of households and the existing methods of investigation to be addressed thoroughly within the need to explore other ways. For this reason, the primary purpose of our study is to obtain data on the real income. In 2005, -2006 survey, we draw on the sociological methods of investigation, the professional investigators from all over are familiar with their relatives, friends, colleagues, neighbors of the family conducted a survey of the balance of payments. We have also taken a number of supplementary measures to ensure the survey data authenticity. Facts prove that the method is feasible, the survey data obtained with relatively high confidence.
in the 2009 survey, we used the same methods of investigation, but adopted a more stringent quality control measures, and expand the survey sample. have to say that the survey method is different from the random sampling method, we can not directly use this data to calculate the sample survey of urban residents in China's overall distribution of income, and must resort to other methods projections. on the projection method, the second part of this report in detail. The main purpose of this part of the survey methodology is described and sample distribution.
before the survey, we conducted a questionnaire around the investigators and investigation method of training. In order to eliminate possible concerns of respondents, the questionnaire anonymously to the survey before the start of the survey respondents provided the commitment is only for research and sample data confidentiality. in the investigation methods, has also taken reduce the sensitivity of a number of investigations and measures to facilitate access to real data. For example, on the objectives of the survey, with emphasis on studies of consumption structure, rather than on income levels; in the questionnaire design, consumer issues and asked to ask income questions, to ask specific sub- item asked, consumption and income. On the revenue sources, the questionnaire only asked to answer a simple classification of income (including wage income, part-time and labor income, the entity operating income, financial investment income, property income, intellectual property income, types of transfer income, and the above are not included in other income), are not required to answer the specific source of income. In the end of the visit, the request of investigators and the respondents fill in their relationship and their credibility of survey results (including the possible deviation of the direction and extent of deviation) of the individual estimates, as reference information for the questionnaire.
investigation is completed, we conducted a comprehensive survey of quality inspection. In addition to information integrity and accuracy of the check survey sites, we designed a set of inspection procedures, the logical relationship between the various issues, as well as income and consumption data of the quantitative relationship between the conduct a reasonable check on the quality does not meet the requirements of the questionnaire (including information missing, altered, data anomalies , logic error between the different information which can not be the problem identifying the correct information and so on more than criteria, and not part of the survey of urban residents) and the questionable accuracy of information the questionnaire did remove.
2. Survey sample The survey
distribution in 19 provinces (including municipalities) of the 64 different-sized cities and 14 counties and towns for the county,
provinces (including municipalities), including Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai. This ensures that the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions have a certain number of sample distribution and take care of the distribution of North and South.
cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Hefei, Nanchang, Shenyang, Harbin, Chengdu, Chongqing, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Xining, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Suzhou, Datong, Anshan, Fushun, Qiqihar, Daqing, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Fuyang, Wuhu, Luan, sunshine, Xiangfan, Yichang, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Mianyang, Xinzhou, Kaifeng, Sanmenxia, Zhumadian, Xiaogan Yidu, Pizhou, Fuyang, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Shaoguan, Chaohu, Chuzhou, Ganzhou, Jian, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Dandong, Tieling, Mudanjiang, Xichang, Xianyang, silver, Jiayuguan, Tianshui, Yuxi. including municipalities, provincial capitals and Fanshi County, Shanxi Province, Pei County, Jiangsu Province, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, Shandong Province, the plain County, Qihe County, Henan Hua County, Hubei Province Dawu County, Chongqing City, Kaixian, Zhong County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province Liquan County, Gansu Province Gaolan County Soil and, Minhe County in Qinghai Province. The county is the geographic distribution more balanced.
number of cities selected in this investigation are more, but the distribution of the sample in each city scattered, which is based on two considerations: First, an excessive number of urban samples, sample households can not ensure that the investigation by the professional investigators are familiar with the family, and this investigation contradict the original intention of the program. Second, the sample includes more number of cities, but also to ensure better representation of the sample.
our survey method also has drawbacks. A major problem is that the survey is conducted once, on the respondent's household income and consumption data are provided by the respondents from memory (but in the process of selection of respondents has been ruled out of the household income and consumption not know enough about the family members). and the book-entry compared to a sample survey, which will have a greater data error. but not more than book-entry one-time survey investigating the high cost, time-consuming, difficult, and because of the sensitivity of survey content, more easily lead to systematic bias. The one-time survey is not accurate because of the memory data error caused by the general terms are randomly distributed, rather than systematic. in the sample average sense, the random error of plus or minus offset each other due to the greatly reduced, while the systematic error is not automatically offset. So the research project on this topic and research conditions, all the way to take a one-time survey.
The survey included a total of 4909 sample households, through strict quality inspection, remove the questionnaire does not meet the quality requirements of 689 samples, and another 25 samples is not a negative income included in the analysis (because analysis shows that under normal circumstances, most of them do not belong to low-income families, temporary negative income is mainly due to operating losses), the actual analysis using effective sample 4195.
Table 1 (omitted) lists all the survey sample and effective geographical distribution of the sample, the distribution by city size, age and residence status of the respondents distribution of sample households the highest educational level of income distribution, the respondents per capita disposable income of the family distribution and so on. you can see, sample different regions of the country between the cities of different sizes, as well as their age, education level of the distribution is more balanced; but living in larger cities, higher education, as well as in business activities and the proportion of white-collar professional population, higher than in the urban population in these groups in the proportions. This is because, according to 2007 research report of the results, level of income of urban residents mainly in the statistical deviation of the high-income residents . In order to ensure a sufficient number of high-income residents in the sample for analysis, the survey has increased the awareness of this part of the population the number of samples. We use methods of analysis, will ensure that such differences do not affect the distribution of urban residents across the country per capita income distribution of the projection results.
Second, analysis methods and techniques of analysis
1. This report uses the basic calculation method m
Engel coefficient calculated according to the survey sample data, the disposable income of urban residents in ways to summarized as follows:
First, we carried out the purpose of the survey income of urban residents, not to be inferred from the survey sample of urban residents directly to the distribution of aggregate income, but on the basis of authentic data, projected income levels and a number of consumer The relationship between parameters. One of the key parameters of consumption is the Engel coefficient (ie, household food consumption expenditure accounted for the proportion of total household consumption expenditure). Engel's coefficient is a parameter associated with income levels, the downward trend that reflects income levels rise; which the economics profession is a recognized fact. This is because food and clothing to meet the basic needs, the residents will gradually shift to pursue other needs met, such as the demand for travel and communications and liaison, for luxury goods needs, and education, culture and entertainment, the demand for higher level. Thus, as income levels, residents incremental expenditures for food will decline, while higher levels of consumption for some of the incremental spending will increase, so that they in the proportion of total consumption changes.
based on this principle, we can be based on a more credible, more representative survey sample, to calculate the Engel coefficient and household disposable income levels, and use statistics study or econometric methods to identify the statistical relationship between the two. based on these relationships obtained, we can any set of income statistics for testing. In other words, as long as we can get a group of samples is relatively reliable Engel coefficient to approximate the coefficient can be based on projected population of the group of real per capita income level. Therefore, we grouped according to the National Bureau of Engel coefficient of urban households, the projected level of average income of these groups, and these projections published by the group and income level statistics were compared to detect the existence of systematic statistical data errors, and how much of this error. We call this method as the > Of course, this premise is to claim a statistical sample of the Engel coefficient to be authentic. a natural problem encountered is that if a group of statistical data on the income level of systematic bias exists, the Engel coefficient data they systematic bias does not also have it? In fact, if there is a deviation income data (for example, be underestimated), then the consumer and commodity consumption expenditure data is likely there are some deviations. But first, as long as consumer spending and food consumption expenditure deviation is in the same direction, and in the statistical sense, largely to keep the same proportion, then the group average is still the basic credibility of the Engel coefficient. In this case, we can still use the Engel coefficient to calculate the level of real income. Second, Even if consumer spending and food consumption expenditure to maintain the same proportion of deviation in the calculation of the Engel coefficient, the deviation in the same direction can still be largely offset each other, so that the deviation of the Engel coefficient of deviation is far less than income levels. therefore still can be used to calculate income levels, but the lower the accuracy of projections.
of 2007, according to the research, found that residents in the balance of payments statistics, the income level of high-income residents in the largest deviation of the data, significantly lower than their real income. their consumption expenditure and food consumption expenditures are also a degree of underestimation, but the extent is far less than the income of the deviation. in which the deviation of food expenditure than the deviation of the total spending less. This means that , the Engel coefficient from this calculation may be slightly higher, according to the Engel coefficient and therefore the projected income levels may be slightly lower; but still to a large extent the original income data error correction. However, we also need to know that we the income level of the calibration results are compared with real income, to some extent may be more or less still low.
also be noted that using this method statistical data on the income test, and can not be quantify the statistical sample of high income residents omissions, only income data on the existing statistical sampling to correct the systematic bias. Thus, after correction of the results may still be underestimated to some extent, the income level of high-income residents (due to the reasons for missing samples).
below to take two specific methods of the Engel coefficient to establish the relationship between income levels, and income statistics for testing. These two methods belong to the Engel coefficient, but the analytical tools and the process is different. In the following narrative, for simplicity, the author of ;, and our sample of the survey as Results per capita income is projected as This method is used. The steps are as follows:
first step, all the survey sample were calculated per capita incomes and Engel's coefficient.
second step, the calculation of statistical sample packet Engel coefficient. National Bureau of Statistics published annually by the town Residents grouped income data, is based on per capita income, the country is divided into seven groups of urban households. where the lowest income (times) of low-income, high income, (second) high-income are the four groups divided by ten equal parts, that each 10% each of the urban households. among the three groups (low-income, middle income, middle income group) is divided by five equal parts, each accounting for 20% of urban households (National Bureau of Statistics data sources see the calendar : three steps, the effective investigation of all the samples sorted by per capita income, grouped from low to high. grouping method is to start from the lowest income, the cumulative sample one by one until the group, the average Engel coefficient and ; Engel coefficient equal to the average so far. We call this set of samples for the and also to the average Engel's coefficient and the average level of per capita income group. According to the reasons explained above, we assume that a group of residents of the Engel coefficient and their corresponding income level has a unique relationship. That is, given an Engel coefficient of a group of residents, the group Our per capita income should be calculated, corresponding to per capita income in the Engel coefficient.
fifth step, the survey sample in each group with the corresponding statistical sample to compare the per capita income, the difference between the data to reflect the statistical sample omissions. Table 2 was to investigate the grouping of samples and statistical distribution of the sample (abbreviated). you can see in the Engel coefficient obtained after the same survey the proportion of the sample distribution of each group is different. you can see, according to Engel's Coefficient divided into seven groups, and so much higher per capita income as part of the survey sample was left on the outside of the seven groups (because the Engel coefficient lower). This group of disposable annual income in excess of 40 million, the highest 176 million. Table 3 is the statistical sample survey sample and the Engel coefficient and per capita income of the comparative results (omitted).
can be seen from Table 3, the Engel coefficient of each group in the corresponding case of equal eleven, the survey sample per capita income of each group were higher than the corresponding statistical sample, but the balance and very regularly slip progressively expanded, especially the difference between the highest income group and the largest slip, statistical sample of per capita income in the highest income group, only 4.3 million, the highest income group survey sample was 16.4 million yuan, nearly 3.8 times the former. the difference is the difference between the total sample accounted for 2 / 3. This, and the report of the study in 2007 found that the situation is almost the same The only difference is in the difference between low-income groups and the slip to some extent, reported in 2007 than projected. so, it basically verifies the results of the 2007 report of the credibility. but for the projection credibility, we have adopted in the next section an alternative method to verify the projections.
also be noted that in the report of the 2007 study was published, a few readers might think that this research method is still the same as survey sample used to calculate the distribution of aggregate income of urban residents, and thus the credibility of the findings into question. because both the survey methodology of this study (non-random sample) or sample size (small scale), are not suitable for directly to the overall income distribution of urban residents projected. This misconception is due to the Engel coefficient used in this study method, especially for comparative analysis of group a lack of understanding. In fact, even if the packet does not understand our analysis and use from the survey sample projection of the substantial difference between the overall approach, as long as the results of the two methods were compared to clear. In table 4, (abbreviated), the authors use data from this survey, the results of analysis with the group and direct the overall projection distribution results were compared. Obviously, the two methods are not only the Engel coefficient of each group are different, and differences in per capita income of each group is more significant. which on per capita income in the highest income group, group analysis result is 164,000 yuan, and the overall method are projected 29.4 million. The difference is obvious.
3. model analysis of group comparison method
level of income projections, there are also disadvantages, namely that method assumes that the Engel's coefficient is only related with income levels. But in fact, the Engel coefficient may also be affected by other factors, such as consumer prices, different eating habits between local residents and so on. so one really only corresponds to the Engel coefficient of a certain income levels? is suspected.
So here, the second of the specific calculation method used, which can be called a model analysis. This approach to measurement-based model, and be able to income levels than other may also affect the Engel coefficient of other variables as control variables included in the model is tested and the Engel's coefficient in the calculation of the relationship between income levels the impact of these additional factors are excluded. This method can avoid the shortcomings of packet analysis Department, has obvious advantages. The basic steps can be summarized as follows:
first step, determine the control variables. We need to survey samples of the Engel coefficient and per capita income with the return of econometric methods to identify the per capita income of the Engel coefficient impact factor; and carrying out the work of this step, we must find the Engel coefficient may affect other factors included as control variables in the model, to estimate its impact, it may get the correct coefficient of income effects.
First, cities of different sizes, all kinds of consumer goods price levels are very different. This may affect the city's Engel coefficient of different sizes. For example, large cities away from agricultural produce, agricultural products are higher transportation costs and loss of the middle part of is greater, so food prices may be significantly higher than that of small cities, the rate may be higher than other consumer prices higher than the range of medium and small cities (this is because the vegetables, meat and other agricultural products impatience preservation, storage costs and the middle larger loss). So the other under the same conditions, large Engel coefficient of urban residents may be higher than medium and small urban residents. because they can not get the absolute level of price data, set in the model of a city that the city size variable , in which the district towns, 100 million people in the following cities (here referred to as medium and small cities of) ,100-200 million people between the cities (here called the large cities) and more than 200 million people in the city (here called large cities) were assigned to 1,2,3,4.
Second, different regions have different spending habits of residents. Some local residents have a higher population than other areas of food preferences, and may more than spending on food consumption in other areas. Through the analysis of the survey sample data, the authors found that other conditions being equal, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, the Engel coefficient was significantly higher than the province average. The three provinces that use dummy variables H1. Beijing, Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Chongqing, Henan, the Engel coefficient to a certain extent, higher than average, the provinces with the dummy variable H2 said. and Liaoning, Shanxi, Engel coefficient of less than average, both expressed with L1. Accordingly, in the model include these dummy variables. not included in other provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai) the end of the sample as the sample.
Third, family population may have an impact on the Engel's coefficient, because larger families may have in the food expenditures of scale, to save expenditure on food. So set a representative number of household variables famliy.
Fourth, family members The average education level is likely to affect the Engel coefficient, because the residents of a higher educational level may be biased in favor of more spiritual needs, such as communications and liaison, education, culture and entertainment, and less educated residents in these areas may less demand, and in terms of food and other consumer spent more on alcohol and tobacco. So set a representative of the average education level of adult household members variable edu18, by the family members aged 18 and above the average years of education, said.
s V. Engel coefficient may also face employment with family members (family members of employment of family members of the proportion of the total) related. The reason is complex; the one hand, higher domestic employment, it may save expenditure on food, because practitioners may Dining in the unit, work unit in a way to enjoy the food subsidy. On the other hand, have a higher employment rate could lead to more eating out (because cooking at home more to spend time), leading to higher food expenditure. what kind of factors prevail, but also to demonstrate through testing. Model of Employment in the family setting variables emp.
second step, set the model's functional form. from the data, we can intuitively judge, the Engel coefficient and the relationship between per capita income is non-linear relationship. So each of the semi-logarithmic function is selected, half of the number of quadratic functions, quadratic functions, and three function model estimation. The Engel coefficient functions are explanatory variables (in eng that), semi-logarithmic function to the log per capita income lnY, and control variables city, family, edu18, emp, H1, H2, and L1 for the explanatory variables, known as the function (1). Semi quadratic function to function (1) based on the increase lnY the square, see the function (2). quadratic function of per capita income and its quadratic term, as well as control variables and the quadratic term as explanatory variables, See function (3). cubic function on the basis of the quadratic function of the explanatory variables increase the three items. function (2), (3) below, the function (1), (4) omitted.
eng = C1 + a1lnY + a2city + a3family + a4edu18 + a5emp + a6H2 + a7H1 + a8L1 + a9 (lnY) 2 (2)
eng = C2 + b1Y + b2city + b3family + b4edu18 + b5emp + b6H2 + b7H1 + b8L1 + b9Y2 < br> + b10city2 + b11family2 + b12edu182 + b13empl2 + b14H22 + b15H12 + b16L12 (3)
The third step is to estimate the four models. estimation results in Table 5 (a little). in the initial regression analysis found that model in which secondary and tertiary functions of some variable quadratic or cubic term is not statistically significant, and the t value is very low. Therefore, the regression in Table 5 of these items have been removed from the model.
from Table 5 The regression results, despite the adjustment of the four model R2 is not high enough, but most of them have high variable statistically significant, not only proved the Engel coefficient between per capita income level is significant negative correlation, but also proof of Engel's coefficient is also affected by family members, education level, family size, family members, employment opportunities, city size, and geographic characteristics. which model (2) the adjusted R2 highest. calculations show that the model (1) and model (2) The results are very close, and in the middle and low range of simulation results and statistics are close, and model (3), (4) of the simulation results in all revenue and statistical data interval are quite different, and in income levels no longer remain under high Engel coefficient decreases monotonically, which contradict with the facts. So the analysis will be adopted in the following model (2) results.
Figure I (abbreviated) is the function (1) - (3 ) simulate the Engel coefficient of income levels and the relationship between the curves, showing (1), (2) between the two functions very similar. graph vertical axis represents the Engel coefficient, the horizontal axis represents the level of per capita income (yuan).
fourth step, in order to get the final realization of the regression coefficient of each variable effect, the Engel coefficient to solve with different corresponding to the level of the national income of urban residents also need to determine the impact of variables in the sense of national average assignment.
According to 2007 statistics, urban residents in large cities, large cities, small cities, counties and towns (in the model values for the 1,2,3,4, respectively) of the distribution ratio of roughly 21 %, 25%, 33%, 21%. weighted average value of 2.5. but we know that people of different income groups in different cities there are differences between the distribution of high-income residents are more concentrated in large cities and big cities, The low-income residents are more concentrated in small cities and small towns. therefore, according to data analysis, the per capita income of low to high Sort combination of city residents in the scale of values, determined from a smooth change between 3.3 to 1.3.
on the average educational level of urban residents (18 years old and above), models were used from 1 to 5 and below assigned to represent the primary, junior secondary, senior secondary and secondary vocational, university graduate and undergraduate, master's and doctoral qualifications. estimated that the national urban average value of 3 or so. But education in the distribution of different income groups is a difference, of income from the lowest to the highest income level of residents and cultural values of the average portfolio to determine 2.6m3.8 of smooth changes between.
family members on the employment of urban residents face, according to statistics, the national average of 0.5 or less, but there are also differences between different income groups, from low to high values between the changes in the 0.38m0.62. < br> on the population of urban households, statistics show that the national average of 2.9 people, but the average size of low-income households is relatively large, high-income families, small changes in the range between 3.3m2.6.
Finally, between different regions on the eating habits of urban residents in different models under the same conditions, according to Engel's coefficient was the highest, high, normal, low provinces are divided into four groups, and their dummy variable coefficients are between 0.071 to negative 0.039 . the national average value by 0.01.
the completion of the assignment process of the control variables, you can return to get the model parameters and values of each factor, that take into account other factors impact on the conditions of the Engel coefficient Next, solution corresponding to the different Engel coefficient of urban residents income levels. The results reported in the next section.
Note: This article is gray income of Economic Reform Project Report, the text published in the CITIC Series ...
Wang Xiaolu
Introduction
2005-2006 years, we have dozens of different sizes throughout the city conducted a survey of urban income and consumption. On this basis, 2007 years of a speech entitled and the National Economic Research Institute China Reform Foundation funding, completed in 2007). In this report, of the 2005 projections of disposable income of urban residents, there are 4.8 trillion yuan is not reflected in income statistics hidden income, mainly in high-income class. of the hidden income that most of these are the highest income and lowest income 10% of all the income gap between families from 9 times to 31 times; the country the highest income and lowest income residents of the 10% of the income gap between families from 21 times to 55 times. This means that China imbalance in the distribution of national income than in the past generally understand the situation more serious.
The report also based on household car ownership, commercial housing sales, the number of private people travel abroad, as well as the distribution of the data bank, from different perspectives income (mainly high-income residents income) were estimated to calculate the results of these cross-validation. but also a source of income for the gray some preliminary analysis, that this was mainly due to institutional shortcomings caused an urgent need to promote structural reform to address the problem of imbalance in the distribution of national income.
the projection method and the results are credible? after a few years, the national income distribution situation has changed? To answer these questions, we in 2009 re-organization of the urban households income and expenditure survey (data collected for the year 2008 data), and the survey data based on new research and analysis. This report on the scope of this survey, investigation and analysis, and the presentation of the results, and further analysis on this basis, the phenomenon of imbalance in the distribution of national income and the required response.
report of the first part of this report income of urban residents of our survey methods and sample distribution. The second part about the analysis, reporting the results of technical analysis. The third part of the survey data and technical analysis, based on the projected disposable income of urban residents and real true level of income inequality. The fourth part is the source of income for the further analysis of gray . The fifth part of gray income effect on the distribution of national income. sixth part is the conclusion of this report.
an income of urban residents survey methods and sample distribution
1. how to get the real survey data
The author believes that the current statistics on the income survey data there are significant distortion. particularly on high-income residents of urban disposable income, the distortion is very serious. This does not mean the survey methodology or calculation errors. the current urban and rural residents household survey sample is based on statistical random sampling method determined. This method itself does not exist systematic errors. but it must be noted the following:
1. the existing household survey sample is determined based on a voluntary basis But high-income residents do not want to have a large proportion of the survey, resulting in the sampling process was forced to replace the sample, so the sample occurred during the replacement of missing high-income residents.
2. included in the survey sample high-income residents, many people are reluctant to provide their real income information. In their report the income, wage income of the true extent of the higher, while other income may be low; in particular, some of them do not want to have a large number of exposure of unknown origin problem, it is difficult in the existing statistical sample of households and the existing methods of investigation to be addressed thoroughly within the need to explore other ways. For this reason, the primary purpose of our study is to obtain data on the real income. In 2005, -2006 survey, we draw on the sociological methods of investigation, the professional investigators from all over are familiar with their relatives, friends, colleagues, neighbors of the family conducted a survey of the balance of payments. We have also taken a number of supplementary measures to ensure the survey data authenticity. Facts prove that the method is feasible, the survey data obtained with relatively high confidence.
in the 2009 survey, we used the same methods of investigation, but adopted a more stringent quality control measures, and expand the survey sample. have to say that the survey method is different from the random sampling method, we can not directly use this data to calculate the sample survey of urban residents in China's overall distribution of income, and must resort to other methods projections. on the projection method, the second part of this report in detail. The main purpose of this part of the survey methodology is described and sample distribution.
before the survey, we conducted a questionnaire around the investigators and investigation method of training. In order to eliminate possible concerns of respondents, the questionnaire anonymously to the survey before the start of the survey respondents provided the commitment is only for research and sample data confidentiality. in the investigation methods, has also taken reduce the sensitivity of a number of investigations and measures to facilitate access to real data. For example, on the objectives of the survey, with emphasis on studies of consumption structure, rather than on income levels; in the questionnaire design, consumer issues and asked to ask income questions, to ask specific sub- item asked, consumption and income. On the revenue sources, the questionnaire only asked to answer a simple classification of income (including wage income, part-time and labor income, the entity operating income, financial investment income, property income, intellectual property income, types of transfer income, and the above are not included in other income), are not required to answer the specific source of income. In the end of the visit, the request of investigators and the respondents fill in their relationship and their credibility of survey results (including the possible deviation of the direction and extent of deviation) of the individual estimates, as reference information for the questionnaire.
investigation is completed, we conducted a comprehensive survey of quality inspection. In addition to information integrity and accuracy of the check survey sites, we designed a set of inspection procedures, the logical relationship between the various issues, as well as income and consumption data of the quantitative relationship between the conduct a reasonable check on the quality does not meet the requirements of the questionnaire (including information missing, altered, data anomalies , logic error between the different information which can not be the problem identifying the correct information and so on more than criteria, and not part of the survey of urban residents) and the questionable accuracy of information the questionnaire did remove.
2. Survey sample The survey
distribution in 19 provinces (including municipalities) of the 64 different-sized cities and 14 counties and towns for the county,
provinces (including municipalities), including Beijing, Shanghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai. This ensures that the eastern, central, western and northeastern regions have a certain number of sample distribution and take care of the distribution of North and South.
cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Taiyuan, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Hefei, Nanchang, Shenyang, Harbin, Chengdu, Chongqing, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Xining, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Suzhou, Datong, Anshan, Fushun, Qiqihar, Daqing, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Fuyang, Wuhu, Luan, sunshine, Xiangfan, Yichang, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Mianyang, Xinzhou, Kaifeng, Sanmenxia, Zhumadian, Xiaogan Yidu, Pizhou, Fuyang, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Shaoguan, Chaohu, Chuzhou, Ganzhou, Jian, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Dandong, Tieling, Mudanjiang, Xichang, Xianyang, silver, Jiayuguan, Tianshui, Yuxi. including municipalities, provincial capitals and Fanshi County, Shanxi Province, Pei County, Jiangsu Province, Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, Shandong Province, the plain County, Qihe County, Henan Hua County, Hubei Province Dawu County, Chongqing City, Kaixian, Zhong County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province Liquan County, Gansu Province Gaolan County Soil and, Minhe County in Qinghai Province. The county is the geographic distribution more balanced.
number of cities selected in this investigation are more, but the distribution of the sample in each city scattered, which is based on two considerations: First, an excessive number of urban samples, sample households can not ensure that the investigation by the professional investigators are familiar with the family, and this investigation contradict the original intention of the program. Second, the sample includes more number of cities, but also to ensure better representation of the sample.
our survey method also has drawbacks. A major problem is that the survey is conducted once, on the respondent's household income and consumption data are provided by the respondents from memory (but in the process of selection of respondents has been ruled out of the household income and consumption not know enough about the family members). and the book-entry compared to a sample survey, which will have a greater data error. but not more than book-entry one-time survey investigating the high cost, time-consuming, difficult, and because of the sensitivity of survey content, more easily lead to systematic bias. The one-time survey is not accurate because of the memory data error caused by the general terms are randomly distributed, rather than systematic. in the sample average sense, the random error of plus or minus offset each other due to the greatly reduced, while the systematic error is not automatically offset. So the research project on this topic and research conditions, all the way to take a one-time survey.
The survey included a total of 4909 sample households, through strict quality inspection, remove the questionnaire does not meet the quality requirements of 689 samples, and another 25 samples is not a negative income included in the analysis (because analysis shows that under normal circumstances, most of them do not belong to low-income families, temporary negative income is mainly due to operating losses), the actual analysis using effective sample 4195.
Table 1 (omitted) lists all the survey sample and effective geographical distribution of the sample, the distribution by city size, age and residence status of the respondents distribution of sample households the highest educational level of income distribution, the respondents per capita disposable income of the family distribution and so on. you can see, sample different regions of the country between the cities of different sizes, as well as their age, education level of the distribution is more balanced; but living in larger cities, higher education, as well as in business activities and the proportion of white-collar professional population, higher than in the urban population in these groups in the proportions. This is because, according to 2007 research report of the results, level of income of urban residents mainly in the statistical deviation of the high-income residents . In order to ensure a sufficient number of high-income residents in the sample for analysis, the survey has increased the awareness of this part of the population the number of samples. We use methods of analysis, will ensure that such differences do not affect the distribution of urban residents across the country per capita income distribution of the projection results.
Second, analysis methods and techniques of analysis
1. This report uses the basic calculation method m
Engel coefficient calculated according to the survey sample data, the disposable income of urban residents in ways to summarized as follows:
First, we carried out the purpose of the survey income of urban residents, not to be inferred from the survey sample of urban residents directly to the distribution of aggregate income, but on the basis of authentic data, projected income levels and a number of consumer The relationship between parameters. One of the key parameters of consumption is the Engel coefficient (ie, household food consumption expenditure accounted for the proportion of total household consumption expenditure). Engel's coefficient is a parameter associated with income levels, the downward trend that reflects income levels rise; which the economics profession is a recognized fact. This is because food and clothing to meet the basic needs, the residents will gradually shift to pursue other needs met, such as the demand for travel and communications and liaison, for luxury goods needs, and education, culture and entertainment, the demand for higher level. Thus, as income levels, residents incremental expenditures for food will decline, while higher levels of consumption for some of the incremental spending will increase, so that they in the proportion of total consumption changes.
based on this principle, we can be based on a more credible, more representative survey sample, to calculate the Engel coefficient and household disposable income levels, and use statistics study or econometric methods to identify the statistical relationship between the two. based on these relationships obtained, we can any set of income statistics for testing. In other words, as long as we can get a group of samples is relatively reliable Engel coefficient to approximate the coefficient can be based on projected population of the group of real per capita income level. Therefore, we grouped according to the National Bureau of Engel coefficient of urban households, the projected level of average income of these groups, and these projections published by the group and income level statistics were compared to detect the existence of systematic statistical data errors, and how much of this error. We call this method as the > Of course, this premise is to claim a statistical sample of the Engel coefficient to be authentic. a natural problem encountered is that if a group of statistical data on the income level of systematic bias exists, the Engel coefficient data they systematic bias does not also have it? In fact, if there is a deviation income data (for example, be underestimated), then the consumer and commodity consumption expenditure data is likely there are some deviations. But first, as long as consumer spending and food consumption expenditure deviation is in the same direction, and in the statistical sense, largely to keep the same proportion, then the group average is still the basic credibility of the Engel coefficient. In this case, we can still use the Engel coefficient to calculate the level of real income. Second, Even if consumer spending and food consumption expenditure to maintain the same proportion of deviation in the calculation of the Engel coefficient, the deviation in the same direction can still be largely offset each other, so that the deviation of the Engel coefficient of deviation is far less than income levels. therefore still can be used to calculate income levels, but the lower the accuracy of projections.
of 2007, according to the research, found that residents in the balance of payments statistics, the income level of high-income residents in the largest deviation of the data, significantly lower than their real income. their consumption expenditure and food consumption expenditures are also a degree of underestimation, but the extent is far less than the income of the deviation. in which the deviation of food expenditure than the deviation of the total spending less. This means that , the Engel coefficient from this calculation may be slightly higher, according to the Engel coefficient and therefore the projected income levels may be slightly lower; but still to a large extent the original income data error correction. However, we also need to know that we the income level of the calibration results are compared with real income, to some extent may be more or less still low.
also be noted that using this method statistical data on the income test, and can not be quantify the statistical sample of high income residents omissions, only income data on the existing statistical sampling to correct the systematic bias. Thus, after correction of the results may still be underestimated to some extent, the income level of high-income residents (due to the reasons for missing samples).
below to take two specific methods of the Engel coefficient to establish the relationship between income levels, and income statistics for testing. These two methods belong to the Engel coefficient, but the analytical tools and the process is different. In the following narrative, for simplicity, the author of ;, and our sample of the survey as Results per capita income is projected as This method is used. The steps are as follows:
first step, all the survey sample were calculated per capita incomes and Engel's coefficient.
second step, the calculation of statistical sample packet Engel coefficient. National Bureau of Statistics published annually by the town Residents grouped income data, is based on per capita income, the country is divided into seven groups of urban households. where the lowest income (times) of low-income, high income, (second) high-income are the four groups divided by ten equal parts, that each 10% each of the urban households. among the three groups (low-income, middle income, middle income group) is divided by five equal parts, each accounting for 20% of urban households (National Bureau of Statistics data sources see the calendar : three steps, the effective investigation of all the samples sorted by per capita income, grouped from low to high. grouping method is to start from the lowest income, the cumulative sample one by one until the group, the average Engel coefficient and ; Engel coefficient equal to the average so far. We call this set of samples for the and also to the average Engel's coefficient and the average level of per capita income group. According to the reasons explained above, we assume that a group of residents of the Engel coefficient and their corresponding income level has a unique relationship. That is, given an Engel coefficient of a group of residents, the group Our per capita income should be calculated, corresponding to per capita income in the Engel coefficient.
fifth step, the survey sample in each group with the corresponding statistical sample to compare the per capita income, the difference between the data to reflect the statistical sample omissions. Table 2 was to investigate the grouping of samples and statistical distribution of the sample (abbreviated). you can see in the Engel coefficient obtained after the same survey the proportion of the sample distribution of each group is different. you can see, according to Engel's Coefficient divided into seven groups, and so much higher per capita income as part of the survey sample was left on the outside of the seven groups (because the Engel coefficient lower). This group of disposable annual income in excess of 40 million, the highest 176 million. Table 3 is the statistical sample survey sample and the Engel coefficient and per capita income of the comparative results (omitted).
can be seen from Table 3, the Engel coefficient of each group in the corresponding case of equal eleven, the survey sample per capita income of each group were higher than the corresponding statistical sample, but the balance and very regularly slip progressively expanded, especially the difference between the highest income group and the largest slip, statistical sample of per capita income in the highest income group, only 4.3 million, the highest income group survey sample was 16.4 million yuan, nearly 3.8 times the former. the difference is the difference between the total sample accounted for 2 / 3. This, and the report of the study in 2007 found that the situation is almost the same The only difference is in the difference between low-income groups and the slip to some extent, reported in 2007 than projected. so, it basically verifies the results of the 2007 report of the credibility. but for the projection credibility, we have adopted in the next section an alternative method to verify the projections.
also be noted that in the report of the 2007 study was published, a few readers might think that this research method is still the same as survey sample used to calculate the distribution of aggregate income of urban residents, and thus the credibility of the findings into question. because both the survey methodology of this study (non-random sample) or sample size (small scale), are not suitable for directly to the overall income distribution of urban residents projected. This misconception is due to the Engel coefficient used in this study method, especially for comparative analysis of group a lack of understanding. In fact, even if the packet does not understand our analysis and use from the survey sample projection of the substantial difference between the overall approach, as long as the results of the two methods were compared to clear. In table 4, (abbreviated), the authors use data from this survey, the results of analysis with the group and direct the overall projection distribution results were compared. Obviously, the two methods are not only the Engel coefficient of each group are different, and differences in per capita income of each group is more significant. which on per capita income in the highest income group, group analysis result is 164,000 yuan, and the overall method are projected 29.4 million. The difference is obvious.
3. model analysis of group comparison method
level of income projections, there are also disadvantages, namely that method assumes that the Engel's coefficient is only related with income levels. But in fact, the Engel coefficient may also be affected by other factors, such as consumer prices, different eating habits between local residents and so on. so one really only corresponds to the Engel coefficient of a certain income levels? is suspected.
So here, the second of the specific calculation method used, which can be called a model analysis. This approach to measurement-based model, and be able to income levels than other may also affect the Engel coefficient of other variables as control variables included in the model is tested and the Engel's coefficient in the calculation of the relationship between income levels the impact of these additional factors are excluded. This method can avoid the shortcomings of packet analysis Department, has obvious advantages. The basic steps can be summarized as follows:
first step, determine the control variables. We need to survey samples of the Engel coefficient and per capita income with the return of econometric methods to identify the per capita income of the Engel coefficient impact factor; and carrying out the work of this step, we must find the Engel coefficient may affect other factors included as control variables in the model, to estimate its impact, it may get the correct coefficient of income effects.
First, cities of different sizes, all kinds of consumer goods price levels are very different. This may affect the city's Engel coefficient of different sizes. For example, large cities away from agricultural produce, agricultural products are higher transportation costs and loss of the middle part of is greater, so food prices may be significantly higher than that of small cities, the rate may be higher than other consumer prices higher than the range of medium and small cities (this is because the vegetables, meat and other agricultural products impatience preservation, storage costs and the middle larger loss). So the other under the same conditions, large Engel coefficient of urban residents may be higher than medium and small urban residents. because they can not get the absolute level of price data, set in the model of a city that the city size variable , in which the district towns, 100 million people in the following cities (here referred to as medium and small cities of) ,100-200 million people between the cities (here called the large cities) and more than 200 million people in the city (here called large cities) were assigned to 1,2,3,4.
Second, different regions have different spending habits of residents. Some local residents have a higher population than other areas of food preferences, and may more than spending on food consumption in other areas. Through the analysis of the survey sample data, the authors found that other conditions being equal, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, the Engel coefficient was significantly higher than the province average. The three provinces that use dummy variables H1. Beijing, Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Chongqing, Henan, the Engel coefficient to a certain extent, higher than average, the provinces with the dummy variable H2 said. and Liaoning, Shanxi, Engel coefficient of less than average, both expressed with L1. Accordingly, in the model include these dummy variables. not included in other provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai) the end of the sample as the sample.
Third, family population may have an impact on the Engel's coefficient, because larger families may have in the food expenditures of scale, to save expenditure on food. So set a representative number of household variables famliy.
Fourth, family members The average education level is likely to affect the Engel coefficient, because the residents of a higher educational level may be biased in favor of more spiritual needs, such as communications and liaison, education, culture and entertainment, and less educated residents in these areas may less demand, and in terms of food and other consumer spent more on alcohol and tobacco. So set a representative of the average education level of adult household members variable edu18, by the family members aged 18 and above the average years of education, said.
s V. Engel coefficient may also face employment with family members (family members of employment of family members of the proportion of the total) related. The reason is complex; the one hand, higher domestic employment, it may save expenditure on food, because practitioners may Dining in the unit, work unit in a way to enjoy the food subsidy. On the other hand, have a higher employment rate could lead to more eating out (because cooking at home more to spend time), leading to higher food expenditure. what kind of factors prevail, but also to demonstrate through testing. Model of Employment in the family setting variables emp.
second step, set the model's functional form. from the data, we can intuitively judge, the Engel coefficient and the relationship between per capita income is non-linear relationship. So each of the semi-logarithmic function is selected, half of the number of quadratic functions, quadratic functions, and three function model estimation. The Engel coefficient functions are explanatory variables (in eng that), semi-logarithmic function to the log per capita income lnY, and control variables city, family, edu18, emp, H1, H2, and L1 for the explanatory variables, known as the function (1). Semi quadratic function to function (1) based on the increase lnY the square, see the function (2). quadratic function of per capita income and its quadratic term, as well as control variables and the quadratic term as explanatory variables, See function (3). cubic function on the basis of the quadratic function of the explanatory variables increase the three items. function (2), (3) below, the function (1), (4) omitted.
eng = C1 + a1lnY + a2city + a3family + a4edu18 + a5emp + a6H2 + a7H1 + a8L1 + a9 (lnY) 2 (2)
eng = C2 + b1Y + b2city + b3family + b4edu18 + b5emp + b6H2 + b7H1 + b8L1 + b9Y2 < br> + b10city2 + b11family2 + b12edu182 + b13empl2 + b14H22 + b15H12 + b16L12 (3)
The third step is to estimate the four models. estimation results in Table 5 (a little). in the initial regression analysis found that model in which secondary and tertiary functions of some variable quadratic or cubic term is not statistically significant, and the t value is very low. Therefore, the regression in Table 5 of these items have been removed from the model.
from Table 5 The regression results, despite the adjustment of the four model R2 is not high enough, but most of them have high variable statistically significant, not only proved the Engel coefficient between per capita income level is significant negative correlation, but also proof of Engel's coefficient is also affected by family members, education level, family size, family members, employment opportunities, city size, and geographic characteristics. which model (2) the adjusted R2 highest. calculations show that the model (1) and model (2) The results are very close, and in the middle and low range of simulation results and statistics are close, and model (3), (4) of the simulation results in all revenue and statistical data interval are quite different, and in income levels no longer remain under high Engel coefficient decreases monotonically, which contradict with the facts. So the analysis will be adopted in the following model (2) results.
Figure I (abbreviated) is the function (1) - (3 ) simulate the Engel coefficient of income levels and the relationship between the curves, showing (1), (2) between the two functions very similar. graph vertical axis represents the Engel coefficient, the horizontal axis represents the level of per capita income (yuan).
fourth step, in order to get the final realization of the regression coefficient of each variable effect, the Engel coefficient to solve with different corresponding to the level of the national income of urban residents also need to determine the impact of variables in the sense of national average assignment.
According to 2007 statistics, urban residents in large cities, large cities, small cities, counties and towns (in the model values for the 1,2,3,4, respectively) of the distribution ratio of roughly 21 %, 25%, 33%, 21%. weighted average value of 2.5. but we know that people of different income groups in different cities there are differences between the distribution of high-income residents are more concentrated in large cities and big cities, The low-income residents are more concentrated in small cities and small towns. therefore, according to data analysis, the per capita income of low to high Sort combination of city residents in the scale of values, determined from a smooth change between 3.3 to 1.3.
on the average educational level of urban residents (18 years old and above), models were used from 1 to 5 and below assigned to represent the primary, junior secondary, senior secondary and secondary vocational, university graduate and undergraduate, master's and doctoral qualifications. estimated that the national urban average value of 3 or so. But education in the distribution of different income groups is a difference, of income from the lowest to the highest income level of residents and cultural values of the average portfolio to determine 2.6m3.8 of smooth changes between.
family members on the employment of urban residents face, according to statistics, the national average of 0.5 or less, but there are also differences between different income groups, from low to high values between the changes in the 0.38m0.62. < br> on the population of urban households, statistics show that the national average of 2.9 people, but the average size of low-income households is relatively large, high-income families, small changes in the range between 3.3m2.6.
Finally, between different regions on the eating habits of urban residents in different models under the same conditions, according to Engel's coefficient was the highest, high, normal, low provinces are divided into four groups, and their dummy variable coefficients are between 0.071 to negative 0.039 . the national average value by 0.01.
the completion of the assignment process of the control variables, you can return to get the model parameters and values of each factor, that take into account other factors impact on the conditions of the Engel coefficient Next, solution corresponding to the different Engel coefficient of urban residents income levels. The results reported in the next section.
Note: This article is gray income of Economic Reform Project Report, the text published in the CITIC Series ...
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Japan hopes that the New Zealand government quickly recognized the remains as the earthquake (Figure)
Rescue workers CTV in Christchurch, New Zealand's search for survivors in the ruins of the building. (Kyodo News)
BEIJING, Feb. 24, according to Kyodo news agency Xinhua reported that Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Ueno branch at a press conference 24 am revealed that the earthquake in New Zealand over the Japanese language schools were trapped, building collapse site and found many a nationality and identity remains unknown. Japan has asked the New Zealand Government's prompt identification.
Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan
morning phone call with the New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, expressed condolences to the earthquake, saying the Japanese side will provide full search and rescue personnel and other support. John Key expressed his thanks, saying
shoot wild at a press conference that the collapse of the scene so far have not yet received the news of the survivors were rescued. He stressed:
wild branches revealed that the remains are from Japan and Australia, the rescue team found.
BEIJING, Feb. 24, according to Kyodo news agency Xinhua reported that Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Ueno branch at a press conference 24 am revealed that the earthquake in New Zealand over the Japanese language schools were trapped, building collapse site and found many a nationality and identity remains unknown. Japan has asked the New Zealand Government's prompt identification.
Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan
morning phone call with the New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, expressed condolences to the earthquake, saying the Japanese side will provide full search and rescue personnel and other support. John Key expressed his thanks, saying
shoot wild at a press conference that the collapse of the scene so far have not yet received the news of the survivors were rescued. He stressed:
wild branches revealed that the remains are from Japan and Australia, the rescue team found.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Motherland crisis - the urgent ecological collapse (Part Two)
Note that the following photos, Germany this spring after a huge wind, forests in some places, local, and swept the horrors of light. It is, in history. As the earth warms, more and more of these tragedies.
number of basic conditions and soil erosion area in China
367 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of land area. until the nineties before the four years, official data has been a 1.2 million square kilometers, or 153 million square kilometers, this is actually a rough statistics fifties left figure. VIII at the turn of the nineties, the first application of advanced remote sensing techniques, soil erosion in the survey carried out last year, obtained The number of 3.67 million square kilometers, and to recognize that China is the world's most serious soil erosion in the country. (19) more than 100 billion tons of fertile soil each year down the drain, the loss of 1,000 mu of cultivated land equivalent to 30 cm thick plow layer, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients than the country's annual output of chemical fertilizers, and organic matter loss is extremely difficult to make up. (20)
CCP has four decades, the average annual additional area of 53,500 square kilometers soil erosion . According to latest statistics from Ministry of Water Resources, from 1991 to 1995, an annual increase of man-made soil erosion area is over 10,000 square kilometers, the trend is slowing down. As Deputy Minister of Water Resources Zhang Chunyuan said: growing loss of situation. keep up with damage control. million square kilometers. According to Beijing, edge damage, damage control can not keep up the pace A mystery of the unknown factors that we have at work.
long I think. the main areas of soil erosion in China: Northwest Loess Plateau, north of Rocky Mountain, Black Soil, Southwest Rocky Mountains, Southern red soil hilly region. mm I'm standing before a map of China in a substantial addition to the search mm downstream flood plains of rivers, forests covered some good areas, deserts, asphalt, city, water and sparsely populated areas, where there is soil erosion has not yet occupied territory? Suddenly, a flash of lightning pierced the Chaos: the widening area of soil erosion mitigation, is it possible loss of the area have all been lost?
mm how? my astonishment, and immediately performed a simple calculation: In accordance with common sense, the general area of soil erosion does not occur and the ratio of share of land: the northern contiguous grassland 2.86 million square km west (30% of total land area), 770,000 square kilometers of forest (8%), industrial and communications 700,000 square kilometers of urban land (7.2%), (22 ) paddy 250,000 square kilometers (2.6%), river and lake water surface 260,000 square kilometers (2.78%), barren hills, tideland, icebergs, glaciers, permanent snow, the desert, Gobi, stone bone to 1.92 million square feet and coral reefs km (20%). (23) were all added together, a total of 6.5 million square kilometers, accounting for 70.58% of land area; with erosion of official information above 38.2%, an unexpected new problem occurred: area, We calculate 38.2% smaller than the area of soil erosion; First, our common sense a problem, we have identified the land erosion can not occur (such as hills, urban land use, industrial and communications) was also lost. If the above interpretation of the general good, if the 3
8.2% of remote sensing digital general correct, then the area of soil erosion on the Chinese growth has slowed down the interpretation of this mysterious phenomenon, it can only be:
soil erosion in the area of China has reached super-saturation, the loss of all that in the loss of land have been.
mm original, hidden behind the good news turned out to be such a secret.
this bad, s slowing down: the Republic of China remain at 1.59 billion tons, 1.73 billion tons fifties and sixties 1.83 billion tons, 1.27 billion tons seventies, suddenly reduce 560 million tons. mm appears, the situation has greatly improved. According to the experts were analyzed, one of the reasons is that there are 1.5 to 300 million tons of sediment was blocked in the newly built water and soil conservation project (including siltation in the reservoir and dam in the 88%, while the terraces, grass, and cited flood irrigation is only 12%). but even these were blocked with sediment, soil erosion and seventies, but only 14.3 ~ 15.7 million tons, a slight improvement in the situation can still be said. According to another view, the actual loss of soil about 18 to 19 million tons, also did not accelerate the deterioration to say the least. But behind the good news is the decrease in rainfall. According to statistics, from 1971 to 1985, these fifteen years, the Loess Plateau rainfall 11% below normal, and the main estuary sediment area between Longmen less than normal 15%. (24) In other words, the improved soil erosion or stability of the Yellow River, one important reason is to reduce erosion area rainfall. The end result of soil erosion desertification, reduction of rainfall means the beginning of desertification. Thus, the situation has improved since the seventies the interpretation of soil erosion can only be: the trend of ecological deterioration has entered a more severe stage. the most convincing evidence is : Since 1972, the Yellow River began to stop. Experts have begun to predict: the Yellow River will become a seasonal river or inland river. We go back to the first view that the beginning of the disaster.
may now be able to answer that on a question raised: is only one China, but also where to move it?
nearly forty years, China's population center of gravity is always in a hundred square kilometers of land within the narrow wandering, (25) This super-steady-state population distribution pattern, in fact, suggests that living space has long been exhausted.
moved to the Pacific to go up?
or move to Siberia , moved to Southeast Asia?
but Kaijiangtuotu times have gone out.
six hundred million people hanging overhead, the seven swords
handle another major hazard is the erosion of the river bed, flooding frequently .
Yellow River bed per year rate of 10 cm high, since the CCP has been three times since the dam heightening not only costly but no solution has entered a cycle. downstream river bed, Jinan has been higher than 5 meters, 10 meters above Kaifeng, Xinxiang higher than 15 meters, 20 meters higher than the Zhengzhou. (26) Once the dike breach, hundreds of millions of lives and the Huang-Huai Plain City facility, all suffered heavy losses. This is not a river, which is top in the Chinese head a time bomb. more incredible is that, following the Yellow River, China addition of the six rivers is becoming a , Yellow River, Haihe, Liaohe, Songhua River. the water topped the Yangtze River, for example, downstream siltation not only serious, Hubei Province, Jingjiang River bed has 10 meters above ground. serious siltation of the navigable length of the Yangtze River in 1957 The 70,000 km down to 3 to 4 million km, to reduce by about half. From the sixties to the eighties twenty years, the National Inland Navigation mileage decreased from 172,000 km to 108,000 km. Hubei Province in 1960 has navigable mileage of 14
300 km within two years reduced the 6
400 km, down nearly 45%. Sichuan Province, early fifties, 91 navigable rivers, the late eighties only 51 navigable rivers , a range of shorter 8
000 km. Yangtze River Region 6
000 多个 Yantang sedimentation reservoir storage is half the downstream lake area decreased by half. There are three half: reduce by half the storage capacity, the lake area is reduced by half, navigation mileage reduced by half. are reduced half and half, we can see the situation deteriorate so fast. Tianjin (Hai), Shanghai (Huangpu River), Nanjing (Yangtze River), Guangzhou (Pearl River) and a dozen cities downstream ground elevation, although at present slightly higher than the bed, but the flood season approaches, coupled with tidal backwater, river water rising to the level under the. such as Shanghai, the Bund's wall. tide of flood came, there will be . (27) standard is low, the majority of defense only once in ten to twenty years of flood, the highest standards of Yellow River dike defense only once in six decades .1998 flood floods, thousands of dangerous situation of Yangtze River, of which nearly 2
000 处 may burst at any time. Even under the The three oil fields have been Nen floods levees, flooded more than two thousand wells hh increasing trend as long as the deposition of river bed are not fundamental to reverse, one day, half of China will be Hongshuitaotian the flood plain. Seven hanging river mm was placed on the Chinese head of the seven sword of Damocles.
also depleting water resources against soil erosion, land desertification, erratic weather, floods and droughts alternately, geological disasters, etc., otherwise special chapter deals, not repeat here.
not out of China before, especially not stay in the United States before I soil erosion in China has no strong feelings. the United States is to protect the ecological environment was not the best, But also I was deeply moved. from my Chinese eyes looked, one after another fairy tale. who live near the Delaware River, frequented picnic, the river is clear, the shore of the woods, has been long to water, the leaves hanging down, fanning the water. This is the meaning of the beauty of Ecology: Vegetation good, with no soil erosion, flood than the minimum dry seasons flow stability. I have been twice to the University of Pittsburgh, the two speeches, each time have lingered in the confluence of two rivers a long time in Pittsburgh could not bear to leave. Pittsburgh is famous Steel City during the American industry, and now left steel mills, railway, port and other sites. Pittsburgh's terrain near my hometown of Chongqing, is the convergence between two rivers, there are mountains and rivers is also a very beautiful place. but Pittsburgh also has a diametrically opposite, and Chongqing place, it is vibration. in the exchange of the two rivers Triangle, Chongqing is Chaotianmen terminal, here is a riverside park, Pittsburgh a well-known attractions. that the park ground, only one meter above the river Xu. In other words, the four seasons of water is extremely stable, dry flood than close to zero. The second time I went was just after the flood, the water marks left and park only the horizon, I suspect was walking in a magical dream. Chongqing has a very wide flood, dry flood seasons, water level difference of up to 20 meters, 30 meters Wanxian, and even the Pearl River has 10 tributaries to meters Liujiang. things are In contrast to obtain its meaning. American River, so I understand what is the river, what is soil erosion, what is the Chinese people's living environment.
Chapter irresistible
looking Niger Desertification Ya River (slightly)
cases: terror, , a sudden strong wind was blowing sand dust storm rolled up, forming a wall of dust about 400 meters high wall,
descend quickly from west to east.
instantaneous maximum wind speed of 34 meters / second, wind up to 12.
within 20 minutes of heaven and earth was dark and visibility reduced to zero.
sandstorm wall from bottom to top was black, red, yellow three, each group had severe dust ball rolling, issued a dull roar,
a could be heard two kilometers outside the hh occurred in at 15:42 on the 5th attacked Jinchang, 16:40 attacks Wuwei City, 17:00
whole attack Gulang, 17:50 attacks Jingtai, 19:26 hh dust storms swept across central defender attacks in western China, However, after
earth lie north and east coast of the Korean Peninsula and Japan soared far. The black storm into the attack in Xinjiang, Gansu,
Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, the wind speed reached 25 to 34 m / s, wind up to 8 ~ 12, sandstorm wall up to 500 ~ 700 meters,
like a mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb explosion, severe rolling Feishazoudan. At that time both indoor and outdoor pitch five
mean, the wind blew, as if the sky falls down, doom .
afterwards, according to the announcement, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, four cities in 18 provinces, 72 counties and 110 million sq
square km area, 120 million people were affected, with direct economic losses of 600 million yuan so. death 85 people, 31 people missing,
people injured 2 **; sandstorms killed, buried alive and missing livestock 120 000 (only), the affected livestock 730 000 (only); agricultural crops affected
560 mu, 24.5 mu of orchard severely affected; buried 4
412 houses destroyed, the buried drains 2000 km Guaduan downed poles 6
021 roots, power, communications, water conservancy facilities severely damaged; Gulan Tai railway line interrupted for four days through the new railway in Xinjiang Lan
interrupt thirty-one hours, about 40 trains blocked tens of thousands of passengers stranded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences expert investigation hh
, hit several major desert have moved forward a few hundred meters to several kilometers, the topsoil is scraped away 10 ~
50 cm; burial thickness of 20 cm, the 1.5 m thick; and influence on the Korean peninsula and Japan the number of dust is not
absolutely, panic.
subsequent studies have shown that the formation of being the ground for the destruction of its original desert wind erosion rate 10 times higher than
100 times. more than a month later, in Sandstorm is a long-growing land desertification inevitable consequences.
not catch the speed control on the speed of desertification, Zai Yu if a strong wind after a few years, the heavy rains will increase to ten times, hundred times, the consequences
unthinkable.
and West,
annual sandstorm days 20 to 40 days; in the Hexi Corridor, Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi to the west line of 15 ~ 25 days per year; Qinghai
southwest 10 to 25 days per year. Moreover, dust storms occurred in Northwest China frequency, intensity and degree of harm, are growing in
. 5 times the fifties and sixties 8 times, 13 times the seventies and eighties 14, ninety years ago on behalf
14. part of the wind over 10 dust storms, visibility is less than 50 meters, a particularly strong sandstorm
black storm. (4) However, land desertification, dust storms in the entire loss in a very small proportion. careful to make no sound of the shortage
desertification, the average annual direct economic loss statistics is 540 billion; earth-shattering .
but this all across the longitude of the super dust storm in China, after all, is an unmistakable warning: Desertification in relentlessly accelerating trend
potential is huge ecological catastrophe has come.
downfall of Central Asia history, is being repeated on a larger scale.
is Western countries have thirty-six,
later increased to more than fifty countries. The more famous are Loulan, Qiemo, absolutely fine, Khotan, skin Hill, drainage, etc. Le.
built on the river most of these ancient downstream, lush plants. but flourished centuries, all destroyed.
ancient destruction of these reasons, scholars have largely reached a consensus: ecological disaster.
oasis ecological environment after all, is very vulnerable. but for this disaster What is climate change from over-cultivation, then there are different views
. Xinhua News Agency, Urumqi, May 1, 1997 - declared: the demise of these small oases, in the past has been that
caused by climate change. historians After the inspection that the river back, a liquidity desert oasis, the main
large-scale destruction of Reclamation, only a minor role in natural factors. Among the many around the city, and today can still see the ancient massive Farm's
sites. The judge looks pretty convincing, although the ancestors did not imagine
ignorance. For example, the oldest in the world on environmental protection have long been a deep understanding of, and the form of law to determine the next
. Guni Ya's Loulan people in addition to a similar forest law, but also control of water, the collection
water tax.
made the occasion of greater than rainfall, desertification began to occur.
desertification around the world have had an argument, the three-stage process similar to the one Hegel:
【subject 】: 1921, Pavel (Bovill) dried up because of the Senegal River to inspect, that Caesar
Sahara Desert is the southern edge of ecological degradation,
Middle Park (Lowber
Milk) conducted a further study of this phenomenon, pointed out that > 【antithesis】: 1949, French scholar Aobo Wheeler (Aubreville) study in Africa found that there had not
desert regions of tropical and subtropical forests, under the influence of human activities may also be reduced to rare tree grassland, then this kind of reverse evolution
defined as Theory of the opposite theory, research on desertification a major breakthrough, recognition by the international community in general
.
Question】 【together: In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of desertification is defined as
change and human activities caused by factors such as arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas of soil degradation. patent, semi-humid areas can be turned into desert-like with
; to Combat Desertification in Asia-Pacific region was the implementation of this document were also an important supplement to the definition:
landscape change process. Brief summary of .1977
years after the research area of desertification in China, mainly from the western region of sandy desert, turning the northern semi-arid pastoral areas
the eastern sub-humid zones and the North China Plain Low hilly eastern coastal area. (5) that,
the threat of desertification in China, not just the Taklimakan Desert in northwest such rapid expansion, and have now is the political culture of the country's economy
the focus of the ecological environment in southeastern parts of the self-evolution. Otherwise, those from
report: China's existing land desertification, 25.4% were caused by the over-cultivation,
31.8% is caused by excessive cutting firewood, 28.3% were caused by over-grazing, improper water use accounted for 8.3%
mining, transportation, urban construction, damage to vegetation caused by accounting for 0.7%. (6)
Forestry Minister Xu Youfang expressed frankly admitted without reservation: Natural factors are only 5.5%, while 94.5% is caused by man. coverage of China's major achievements in combating desertification. Although the Chinese Government failed to do,
but rather try and create some impressive typical model: known as the > Shapotou Zhongwei County in the summer, with oasis hh and so on.
decades of hard practice, more than 100 Chinese summarize the successful experience in combating desertification, many of which technology is leading the world
, widely appreciated and attention. < br> affected by the media over the years I have always thought: the control of desertification, the Chinese in the world. in-depth look,
problems have:
advanced models excellent, even impressive, but why no one follow up? Shapotou, Yulin, Yulin, Shapotou h
h Dianlaidaoqu always those few names. experience and Ye Hao, but why can not generally been to promote application
? the opposite case is abound: slash and burn here, where deforestation, collusion between officials and the people here, that hit the police hh
in the end, both sides of the sum of the results of all the events are: desertification, not only fails to be
containment continues to increase.
ask why it is worth the.
the most direct factor is the lack of funds. Sand provinces and cities have developed plans, years of combating desertification 1.3511 million mu,
funding for the 12.22 billion yuan. From the implementation point of view, in addition to 100 million yuan each year to implement better the discount interest loan scheme, its
hard to place his money. (10) years invested 12.22 billion yuan, an annual average of 1.222 billion yuan , which is an annual direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan
then, a black storm 6 billion in direct economic loss is not commensurate with such figures.
1 亿元 together to put in place only while the other funding is hard to say In fact, planning has become Huabing. financial stress is indeed true, but many earn less money
have a usage problem. limousines and public funds spent money on eating and drinking, I am afraid that every year 2
000 亿 not hit live, hundreds of millions of governance funds each year nearly 10 200 times. do have money to corrupt, can not even pay
to govern land desertification, heartless?
the money, not worth mentioning, but What matters is that the following two major drawbacks:
First,
the list of ecological protection project, the spirit of the great one can imagine.
first conceived and implemented the br> sand line It is in defense of prosecution Beijing
the environment. strength. Shortage
desert the crux of defeated. focus and determination are the biggest point, easy to make a breakthrough. It is this way, the to 13.22% in 1991, is the national growth rate of 5.97 times over the same period. According to media reports, over the years trapped
interference with sand in Beijing began to slow down, blowing day, dust on dust storm days are substantially reduced. (12) Unfortunately, the trend has not shortage of desert combat
, Spring 2000, Beijing suffered 10 sandstorms row, the people complaining bitterly. From this, the Beijing Government is determined to invest 200 billion within the next ten years, plant trees in Inner Mongolia, sand control, to improve the Beijing
ancient and national desertification trends continue to deteriorate. So, had to re-expand the line, with the same lines, Ethernet lines
mountain shelter to strengthen the defense of Beijing and north China to the Yangtze River in the upper soil erosion in Yangtze River Forest block ,
to desertification of farmland shelterbelts in block to block coastal wave of coastal protection forest. record of how, depends. but along
hit > full, the natural ecological environment improvement. but not a : to avoid the fundamental reform of ownership to national plans, administrative intervention can out of the woods?
or for a question is asked: people did not enthusiasm, government funding alone can not put up forest species, and protect the back?
look at a few examples:
liquidity Taklimakan Desert, is known as the years. poplar leaves, hours, such as willow, slightly such as maple,
grow into, such as Yang, so is also known as , anti-sandstorm
excellent tree. than the sesame seed is still small, scattered by floating down the wind, moist place once the fall, dozens of hours they
take root, we can see the tenacious vitality. Populus root system not only the body has stored a lot of water and more water more
dry. 6,7 meters in height, however, extremely thick stocky. canopy is small, it is the clumps of leaves and branches of steel. has written for
home Road: their body from top to bottom can be described completely, millions of years of wind left a knife sword dense sand
cracks. People call Populus as a a thousand years dead, dead, thousands
years does not fall, down a thousand immortal!
reports, from 1957 to 1977, two years, three sides of the Taklimakan Desert East West 5
680 million mu of the original poplar (Populus dominated forests or) were cut 4
000 acres, more than 70% cut, in addition, there are 3
000 million mu of Tamarix have been uprooted. For example, in order to reclaim the desert in a block of 16 acres of poplar,
Hotan County organized a thousand people set fire to the forest, the fire burned a full twenty days, 25.7 million mu of new farmland.
one to three years after the desert into the * vast majority of newly reclaimed land was forced to abandoned, lost Populus barrier began a large number of sandy farmland
.
An Dier River 80 km west of there is a long poplar zone, when the administrative division it included Qiemo; because the history of this belt is on the west side of
The Minfeng, caused a legal dispute between the two counties. higher authorities made a
dry, have the right to free
profit. When officials are divided as a struggle for power and advantage between the people just-do, a valuable opportunity to put the
thoroughly chopped with poplar. Celle County and Luo Puxian also occurred in a similar dispute, the result is to a
25 km long and 7,8 km wide with a damaged light poplar. these counties the county, has been moved under the desert into the *
moved more than 100 kilometers. Celle, Freeman, leather Hill County has moved three times, and now the desert and * to the city, in addition
onto the Kunlun Mountains to the county, is on her own bedding roll stray afar.
such human devastation, in the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, 内蒙古古兰泰 Salt Lake, Plateau, Hebei Province,
in the Hotan River and so many places have happened, or happening. < br> The two reporters Nan Yi writes bitterly: ; Three North too vague. summer desert,
surface temperature above 80 degrees Celsius, while on the deformed rubber shoes, iron deep into the soles of sand.
average amount of rainfall is only 37 mm (minimum Year 8 mm), evaporation is more than 100 times. is this the only oasis,
1951 ~ 1983 of three years, the forest cover decreased by 85 million mu, and an average annual rate of decline of 2.6 million mu. < br> This is the last oasis in an oasis called Juyan has nourished the into the many
Badanjilin surrounded by desert. It is incredible, composition and Haloxylon forest surround the oasis was massive and Populus actually broken
bad. poplar misfortune is that it can do good firewood; Haloxylon trees is unfortunate gift to a layer: it is a tumor of the root parasitic
Results - rare medicinal herbs This car can be sold a few thousand dollars
firewood and more ...
number of basic conditions and soil erosion area in China
367 million square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of land area. until the nineties before the four years, official data has been a 1.2 million square kilometers, or 153 million square kilometers, this is actually a rough statistics fifties left figure. VIII at the turn of the nineties, the first application of advanced remote sensing techniques, soil erosion in the survey carried out last year, obtained The number of 3.67 million square kilometers, and to recognize that China is the world's most serious soil erosion in the country. (19) more than 100 billion tons of fertile soil each year down the drain, the loss of 1,000 mu of cultivated land equivalent to 30 cm thick plow layer, the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients than the country's annual output of chemical fertilizers, and organic matter loss is extremely difficult to make up. (20)
CCP has four decades, the average annual additional area of 53,500 square kilometers soil erosion . According to latest statistics from Ministry of Water Resources, from 1991 to 1995, an annual increase of man-made soil erosion area is over 10,000 square kilometers, the trend is slowing down. As Deputy Minister of Water Resources Zhang Chunyuan said: growing loss of situation. keep up with damage control. million square kilometers. According to Beijing, edge damage, damage control can not keep up the pace A mystery of the unknown factors that we have at work.
long I think. the main areas of soil erosion in China: Northwest Loess Plateau, north of Rocky Mountain, Black Soil, Southwest Rocky Mountains, Southern red soil hilly region. mm I'm standing before a map of China in a substantial addition to the search mm downstream flood plains of rivers, forests covered some good areas, deserts, asphalt, city, water and sparsely populated areas, where there is soil erosion has not yet occupied territory? Suddenly, a flash of lightning pierced the Chaos: the widening area of soil erosion mitigation, is it possible loss of the area have all been lost?
mm how? my astonishment, and immediately performed a simple calculation: In accordance with common sense, the general area of soil erosion does not occur and the ratio of share of land: the northern contiguous grassland 2.86 million square km west (30% of total land area), 770,000 square kilometers of forest (8%), industrial and communications 700,000 square kilometers of urban land (7.2%), (22 ) paddy 250,000 square kilometers (2.6%), river and lake water surface 260,000 square kilometers (2.78%), barren hills, tideland, icebergs, glaciers, permanent snow, the desert, Gobi, stone bone to 1.92 million square feet and coral reefs km (20%). (23) were all added together, a total of 6.5 million square kilometers, accounting for 70.58% of land area; with erosion of official information above 38.2%, an unexpected new problem occurred: area, We calculate 38.2% smaller than the area of soil erosion; First, our common sense a problem, we have identified the land erosion can not occur (such as hills, urban land use, industrial and communications) was also lost. If the above interpretation of the general good, if the 3
8.2% of remote sensing digital general correct, then the area of soil erosion on the Chinese growth has slowed down the interpretation of this mysterious phenomenon, it can only be:
soil erosion in the area of China has reached super-saturation, the loss of all that in the loss of land have been.
mm original, hidden behind the good news turned out to be such a secret.
this bad, s slowing down: the Republic of China remain at 1.59 billion tons, 1.73 billion tons fifties and sixties 1.83 billion tons, 1.27 billion tons seventies, suddenly reduce 560 million tons. mm appears, the situation has greatly improved. According to the experts were analyzed, one of the reasons is that there are 1.5 to 300 million tons of sediment was blocked in the newly built water and soil conservation project (including siltation in the reservoir and dam in the 88%, while the terraces, grass, and cited flood irrigation is only 12%). but even these were blocked with sediment, soil erosion and seventies, but only 14.3 ~ 15.7 million tons, a slight improvement in the situation can still be said. According to another view, the actual loss of soil about 18 to 19 million tons, also did not accelerate the deterioration to say the least. But behind the good news is the decrease in rainfall. According to statistics, from 1971 to 1985, these fifteen years, the Loess Plateau rainfall 11% below normal, and the main estuary sediment area between Longmen less than normal 15%. (24) In other words, the improved soil erosion or stability of the Yellow River, one important reason is to reduce erosion area rainfall. The end result of soil erosion desertification, reduction of rainfall means the beginning of desertification. Thus, the situation has improved since the seventies the interpretation of soil erosion can only be: the trend of ecological deterioration has entered a more severe stage. the most convincing evidence is : Since 1972, the Yellow River began to stop. Experts have begun to predict: the Yellow River will become a seasonal river or inland river. We go back to the first view that the beginning of the disaster.
may now be able to answer that on a question raised: is only one China, but also where to move it?
nearly forty years, China's population center of gravity is always in a hundred square kilometers of land within the narrow wandering, (25) This super-steady-state population distribution pattern, in fact, suggests that living space has long been exhausted.
moved to the Pacific to go up?
or move to Siberia , moved to Southeast Asia?
but Kaijiangtuotu times have gone out.
six hundred million people hanging overhead, the seven swords
handle another major hazard is the erosion of the river bed, flooding frequently .
Yellow River bed per year rate of 10 cm high, since the CCP has been three times since the dam heightening not only costly but no solution has entered a cycle. downstream river bed, Jinan has been higher than 5 meters, 10 meters above Kaifeng, Xinxiang higher than 15 meters, 20 meters higher than the Zhengzhou. (26) Once the dike breach, hundreds of millions of lives and the Huang-Huai Plain City facility, all suffered heavy losses. This is not a river, which is top in the Chinese head a time bomb. more incredible is that, following the Yellow River, China addition of the six rivers is becoming a , Yellow River, Haihe, Liaohe, Songhua River. the water topped the Yangtze River, for example, downstream siltation not only serious, Hubei Province, Jingjiang River bed has 10 meters above ground. serious siltation of the navigable length of the Yangtze River in 1957 The 70,000 km down to 3 to 4 million km, to reduce by about half. From the sixties to the eighties twenty years, the National Inland Navigation mileage decreased from 172,000 km to 108,000 km. Hubei Province in 1960 has navigable mileage of 14
300 km within two years reduced the 6
400 km, down nearly 45%. Sichuan Province, early fifties, 91 navigable rivers, the late eighties only 51 navigable rivers , a range of shorter 8
000 km. Yangtze River Region 6
000 多个 Yantang sedimentation reservoir storage is half the downstream lake area decreased by half. There are three half: reduce by half the storage capacity, the lake area is reduced by half, navigation mileage reduced by half. are reduced half and half, we can see the situation deteriorate so fast. Tianjin (Hai), Shanghai (Huangpu River), Nanjing (Yangtze River), Guangzhou (Pearl River) and a dozen cities downstream ground elevation, although at present slightly higher than the bed, but the flood season approaches, coupled with tidal backwater, river water rising to the level under the. such as Shanghai, the Bund's wall. tide of flood came, there will be . (27) standard is low, the majority of defense only once in ten to twenty years of flood, the highest standards of Yellow River dike defense only once in six decades .1998 flood floods, thousands of dangerous situation of Yangtze River, of which nearly 2
000 处 may burst at any time. Even under the The three oil fields have been Nen floods levees, flooded more than two thousand wells hh increasing trend as long as the deposition of river bed are not fundamental to reverse, one day, half of China will be Hongshuitaotian the flood plain. Seven hanging river mm was placed on the Chinese head of the seven sword of Damocles.
also depleting water resources against soil erosion, land desertification, erratic weather, floods and droughts alternately, geological disasters, etc., otherwise special chapter deals, not repeat here.
not out of China before, especially not stay in the United States before I soil erosion in China has no strong feelings. the United States is to protect the ecological environment was not the best, But also I was deeply moved. from my Chinese eyes looked, one after another fairy tale. who live near the Delaware River, frequented picnic, the river is clear, the shore of the woods, has been long to water, the leaves hanging down, fanning the water. This is the meaning of the beauty of Ecology: Vegetation good, with no soil erosion, flood than the minimum dry seasons flow stability. I have been twice to the University of Pittsburgh, the two speeches, each time have lingered in the confluence of two rivers a long time in Pittsburgh could not bear to leave. Pittsburgh is famous Steel City during the American industry, and now left steel mills, railway, port and other sites. Pittsburgh's terrain near my hometown of Chongqing, is the convergence between two rivers, there are mountains and rivers is also a very beautiful place. but Pittsburgh also has a diametrically opposite, and Chongqing place, it is vibration. in the exchange of the two rivers Triangle, Chongqing is Chaotianmen terminal, here is a riverside park, Pittsburgh a well-known attractions. that the park ground, only one meter above the river Xu. In other words, the four seasons of water is extremely stable, dry flood than close to zero. The second time I went was just after the flood, the water marks left and park only the horizon, I suspect was walking in a magical dream. Chongqing has a very wide flood, dry flood seasons, water level difference of up to 20 meters, 30 meters Wanxian, and even the Pearl River has 10 tributaries to meters Liujiang. things are In contrast to obtain its meaning. American River, so I understand what is the river, what is soil erosion, what is the Chinese people's living environment.
Chapter irresistible
looking Niger Desertification Ya River (slightly)
cases: terror, , a sudden strong wind was blowing sand dust storm rolled up, forming a wall of dust about 400 meters high wall,
descend quickly from west to east.
instantaneous maximum wind speed of 34 meters / second, wind up to 12.
within 20 minutes of heaven and earth was dark and visibility reduced to zero.
sandstorm wall from bottom to top was black, red, yellow three, each group had severe dust ball rolling, issued a dull roar,
a could be heard two kilometers outside the hh occurred in at 15:42 on the 5th attacked Jinchang, 16:40 attacks Wuwei City, 17:00
whole attack Gulang, 17:50 attacks Jingtai, 19:26 hh dust storms swept across central defender attacks in western China, However, after
earth lie north and east coast of the Korean Peninsula and Japan soared far. The black storm into the attack in Xinjiang, Gansu,
Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, the wind speed reached 25 to 34 m / s, wind up to 8 ~ 12, sandstorm wall up to 500 ~ 700 meters,
like a mushroom cloud of the atomic bomb explosion, severe rolling Feishazoudan. At that time both indoor and outdoor pitch five
mean, the wind blew, as if the sky falls down, doom .
afterwards, according to the announcement, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, four cities in 18 provinces, 72 counties and 110 million sq
square km area, 120 million people were affected, with direct economic losses of 600 million yuan so. death 85 people, 31 people missing,
people injured 2 **; sandstorms killed, buried alive and missing livestock 120 000 (only), the affected livestock 730 000 (only); agricultural crops affected
560 mu, 24.5 mu of orchard severely affected; buried 4
412 houses destroyed, the buried drains 2000 km Guaduan downed poles 6
021 roots, power, communications, water conservancy facilities severely damaged; Gulan Tai railway line interrupted for four days through the new railway in Xinjiang Lan
interrupt thirty-one hours, about 40 trains blocked tens of thousands of passengers stranded by the Chinese Academy of Sciences expert investigation hh
, hit several major desert have moved forward a few hundred meters to several kilometers, the topsoil is scraped away 10 ~
50 cm; burial thickness of 20 cm, the 1.5 m thick; and influence on the Korean peninsula and Japan the number of dust is not
absolutely, panic.
subsequent studies have shown that the formation of being the ground for the destruction of its original desert wind erosion rate 10 times higher than
100 times. more than a month later, in Sandstorm is a long-growing land desertification inevitable consequences.
not catch the speed control on the speed of desertification, Zai Yu if a strong wind after a few years, the heavy rains will increase to ten times, hundred times, the consequences
unthinkable.
and West,
annual sandstorm days 20 to 40 days; in the Hexi Corridor, Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi to the west line of 15 ~ 25 days per year; Qinghai
southwest 10 to 25 days per year. Moreover, dust storms occurred in Northwest China frequency, intensity and degree of harm, are growing in
. 5 times the fifties and sixties 8 times, 13 times the seventies and eighties 14, ninety years ago on behalf
14. part of the wind over 10 dust storms, visibility is less than 50 meters, a particularly strong sandstorm
black storm. (4) However, land desertification, dust storms in the entire loss in a very small proportion. careful to make no sound of the shortage
desertification, the average annual direct economic loss statistics is 540 billion; earth-shattering .
but this all across the longitude of the super dust storm in China, after all, is an unmistakable warning: Desertification in relentlessly accelerating trend
potential is huge ecological catastrophe has come.
downfall of Central Asia history, is being repeated on a larger scale.
is Western countries have thirty-six,
later increased to more than fifty countries. The more famous are Loulan, Qiemo, absolutely fine, Khotan, skin Hill, drainage, etc. Le.
built on the river most of these ancient downstream, lush plants. but flourished centuries, all destroyed.
ancient destruction of these reasons, scholars have largely reached a consensus: ecological disaster.
oasis ecological environment after all, is very vulnerable. but for this disaster What is climate change from over-cultivation, then there are different views
. Xinhua News Agency, Urumqi, May 1, 1997 - declared: the demise of these small oases, in the past has been that
caused by climate change. historians After the inspection that the river back, a liquidity desert oasis, the main
large-scale destruction of Reclamation, only a minor role in natural factors. Among the many around the city, and today can still see the ancient massive Farm's
sites. The judge looks pretty convincing, although the ancestors did not imagine
ignorance. For example, the oldest in the world on environmental protection have long been a deep understanding of, and the form of law to determine the next
. Guni Ya's Loulan people in addition to a similar forest law, but also control of water, the collection
water tax.
made the occasion of greater than rainfall, desertification began to occur.
desertification around the world have had an argument, the three-stage process similar to the one Hegel:
【subject 】: 1921, Pavel (Bovill) dried up because of the Senegal River to inspect, that Caesar
Sahara Desert is the southern edge of ecological degradation,
Middle Park (Lowber
Milk) conducted a further study of this phenomenon, pointed out that > 【antithesis】: 1949, French scholar Aobo Wheeler (Aubreville) study in Africa found that there had not
desert regions of tropical and subtropical forests, under the influence of human activities may also be reduced to rare tree grassland, then this kind of reverse evolution
defined as Theory of the opposite theory, research on desertification a major breakthrough, recognition by the international community in general
.
Question】 【together: In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of desertification is defined as
change and human activities caused by factors such as arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas of soil degradation. patent, semi-humid areas can be turned into desert-like with
; to Combat Desertification in Asia-Pacific region was the implementation of this document were also an important supplement to the definition:
landscape change process. Brief summary of .1977
years after the research area of desertification in China, mainly from the western region of sandy desert, turning the northern semi-arid pastoral areas
the eastern sub-humid zones and the North China Plain Low hilly eastern coastal area. (5) that,
the threat of desertification in China, not just the Taklimakan Desert in northwest such rapid expansion, and have now is the political culture of the country's economy
the focus of the ecological environment in southeastern parts of the self-evolution. Otherwise, those from
report: China's existing land desertification, 25.4% were caused by the over-cultivation,
31.8% is caused by excessive cutting firewood, 28.3% were caused by over-grazing, improper water use accounted for 8.3%
mining, transportation, urban construction, damage to vegetation caused by accounting for 0.7%. (6)
Forestry Minister Xu Youfang expressed frankly admitted without reservation: Natural factors are only 5.5%, while 94.5% is caused by man. coverage of China's major achievements in combating desertification. Although the Chinese Government failed to do,
but rather try and create some impressive typical model: known as the > Shapotou Zhongwei County in the summer, with oasis hh and so on.
decades of hard practice, more than 100 Chinese summarize the successful experience in combating desertification, many of which technology is leading the world
, widely appreciated and attention. < br> affected by the media over the years I have always thought: the control of desertification, the Chinese in the world. in-depth look,
problems have:
advanced models excellent, even impressive, but why no one follow up? Shapotou, Yulin, Yulin, Shapotou h
h Dianlaidaoqu always those few names. experience and Ye Hao, but why can not generally been to promote application
? the opposite case is abound: slash and burn here, where deforestation, collusion between officials and the people here, that hit the police hh
in the end, both sides of the sum of the results of all the events are: desertification, not only fails to be
containment continues to increase.
ask why it is worth the.
the most direct factor is the lack of funds. Sand provinces and cities have developed plans, years of combating desertification 1.3511 million mu,
funding for the 12.22 billion yuan. From the implementation point of view, in addition to 100 million yuan each year to implement better the discount interest loan scheme, its
hard to place his money. (10) years invested 12.22 billion yuan, an annual average of 1.222 billion yuan , which is an annual direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan
then, a black storm 6 billion in direct economic loss is not commensurate with such figures.
1 亿元 together to put in place only while the other funding is hard to say In fact, planning has become Huabing. financial stress is indeed true, but many earn less money
have a usage problem. limousines and public funds spent money on eating and drinking, I am afraid that every year 2
000 亿 not hit live, hundreds of millions of governance funds each year nearly 10 200 times. do have money to corrupt, can not even pay
to govern land desertification, heartless?
the money, not worth mentioning, but What matters is that the following two major drawbacks:
First,
the list of ecological protection project, the spirit of the great one can imagine.
first conceived and implemented the br> sand line It is in defense of prosecution Beijing
the environment. strength. Shortage
desert the crux of defeated. focus and determination are the biggest point, easy to make a breakthrough. It is this way, the to 13.22% in 1991, is the national growth rate of 5.97 times over the same period. According to media reports, over the years trapped
interference with sand in Beijing began to slow down, blowing day, dust on dust storm days are substantially reduced. (12) Unfortunately, the trend has not shortage of desert combat
, Spring 2000, Beijing suffered 10 sandstorms row, the people complaining bitterly. From this, the Beijing Government is determined to invest 200 billion within the next ten years, plant trees in Inner Mongolia, sand control, to improve the Beijing
ancient and national desertification trends continue to deteriorate. So, had to re-expand the line, with the same lines, Ethernet lines
mountain shelter to strengthen the defense of Beijing and north China to the Yangtze River in the upper soil erosion in Yangtze River Forest block ,
to desertification of farmland shelterbelts in block to block coastal wave of coastal protection forest. record of how, depends. but along
hit > full, the natural ecological environment improvement. but not a : to avoid the fundamental reform of ownership to national plans, administrative intervention can out of the woods?
or for a question is asked: people did not enthusiasm, government funding alone can not put up forest species, and protect the back?
look at a few examples:
liquidity Taklimakan Desert, is known as the years. poplar leaves, hours, such as willow, slightly such as maple,
grow into, such as Yang, so is also known as , anti-sandstorm
excellent tree. than the sesame seed is still small, scattered by floating down the wind, moist place once the fall, dozens of hours they
take root, we can see the tenacious vitality. Populus root system not only the body has stored a lot of water and more water more
dry. 6,7 meters in height, however, extremely thick stocky. canopy is small, it is the clumps of leaves and branches of steel. has written for
home Road: their body from top to bottom can be described completely, millions of years of wind left a knife sword dense sand
cracks. People call Populus as a a thousand years dead, dead, thousands
years does not fall, down a thousand immortal!
reports, from 1957 to 1977, two years, three sides of the Taklimakan Desert East West 5
680 million mu of the original poplar (Populus dominated forests or) were cut 4
000 acres, more than 70% cut, in addition, there are 3
000 million mu of Tamarix have been uprooted. For example, in order to reclaim the desert in a block of 16 acres of poplar,
Hotan County organized a thousand people set fire to the forest, the fire burned a full twenty days, 25.7 million mu of new farmland.
one to three years after the desert into the * vast majority of newly reclaimed land was forced to abandoned, lost Populus barrier began a large number of sandy farmland
.
An Dier River 80 km west of there is a long poplar zone, when the administrative division it included Qiemo; because the history of this belt is on the west side of
The Minfeng, caused a legal dispute between the two counties. higher authorities made a
dry, have the right to free
profit. When officials are divided as a struggle for power and advantage between the people just-do, a valuable opportunity to put the
thoroughly chopped with poplar. Celle County and Luo Puxian also occurred in a similar dispute, the result is to a
25 km long and 7,8 km wide with a damaged light poplar. these counties the county, has been moved under the desert into the *
moved more than 100 kilometers. Celle, Freeman, leather Hill County has moved three times, and now the desert and * to the city, in addition
onto the Kunlun Mountains to the county, is on her own bedding roll stray afar.
such human devastation, in the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, 内蒙古古兰泰 Salt Lake, Plateau, Hebei Province,
in the Hotan River and so many places have happened, or happening. < br> The two reporters Nan Yi writes bitterly: ; Three North too vague. summer desert,
surface temperature above 80 degrees Celsius, while on the deformed rubber shoes, iron deep into the soles of sand.
average amount of rainfall is only 37 mm (minimum Year 8 mm), evaporation is more than 100 times. is this the only oasis,
1951 ~ 1983 of three years, the forest cover decreased by 85 million mu, and an average annual rate of decline of 2.6 million mu. < br> This is the last oasis in an oasis called Juyan has nourished the into the many
Badanjilin surrounded by desert. It is incredible, composition and Haloxylon forest surround the oasis was massive and Populus actually broken
bad. poplar misfortune is that it can do good firewood; Haloxylon trees is unfortunate gift to a layer: it is a tumor of the root parasitic
Results - rare medicinal herbs This car can be sold a few thousand dollars
firewood and more ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Ren with you about people's housing and political
Ren politics with the housing people you talk about?
Mm split Ren , there is no common language, so I will not, as Mr. Yi Xianrong, like, and Ren have discussed asking questions. long time ago, I would Ren integrated into the every word spoken, and both are represented by a predator and rapist's absurd remarks self-defense! In my opinion, Ren and I represent real estate developers, groups, and acted in collusion with corrupt officials who belong to create political problems of housing in China your right to express their views! Ren access to civilians in the country, has long been a disgrace to the people can be assumed or otherwise actionable comments, and become entitled to vote on the innocence or guilt of the civilian members of the jury; Ren also not like the vast majority of people like by China's judicial justice, depriving the corresponding period of political rights.
I do not know Ren often visited Europe and the United States, have not seen with the Huayuan company of the same type of large-scale development of ? If not, Ren Why so arrogant? With more than plunder, rape is much more you?
However, Ren also free performances in the scene, the opportunity and the conduct of a fair, the theory of life and death fight , tit for tat for the general public the idea of a clash dedicated interpretation of reality itself has a meaning and social significance of things.
This is my original intention of writing this article.
Ren April 4, entitled Whose politics? and corruption information carefully selected spokesmen, ! after Ren's debate with them, although when the ice retreat abroad, but beating, soon returned to reposition itself in the recent practice of caused by the developer of a cheer camp. A FANS this message to Ren Road:
and it gave us the middle class or middle class people to be prepared into a sense of frustration. national in the end dominated by what kind of person, in the end know anything about governing the country, we are most concerned about. but we were slightly lightly, it is impossible shake buildings in this country. Ren's words, such as sobering, so that our enlightened national vision as well as any other people on Jun dedicate the state Xingshen. China is now at an important period of rapid development, I hope the Government to comply with economic laws, responsible to the people of history, do not always hitu restoration sagacity How can you find out real estate is very complex economic relationship! However, the cursory view Ren's article, in addition to never write any of the obscure words in the past, but throughout the text is filled with obsolete and flawed Ringer theory what is it? by Ren, quoting from a textbook is as follows: I was shocked that such a predator and rape Ren's main representative, went so far as to defense of the theoretical tools! Ren how to handle this weapon of Marxist politics to his own use? could not help but cause great interest to me.
we all know, Marx did not give us a classic definition, such as the above statement. Marxism from the beginning insisted that the political, economic, social and cultural parts are closely linked as a whole. Therefore, independent of politics outside of economics, is an ideological distortion, there is no practical significance. Therefore, Marx never think that there is no interpretation of Marxist politics, to understand from four aspects:
(1) the relationship between politics and the state. Marxist view that politics is the core issue of state power. state as arising from society but living in society and increasingly on the strength of the same community from the increasingly close integration with the political, corporate interests as the ruling class to maintain the most important political tool.
(2) politics and class relations. in a class society, the political class or classes subject is , the political essence of the relationship between class and class, between class and class struggle. the political struggle is the embodiment of class struggle.
(3) the relationship between politics and economics. Marxist view that politics is based on economy, politics is the concentrated expression of economic, political reaction on the economy strong. people in life occurred in the social production relations of production constitutes the sum of the economic structure of society, which consists of legal and political superstructure erected on it, and have some form of social consciousness corresponding basis in reality. the reality in China, Deng Xiaoping, from the perspective of economic development and political problems, economic and political integration is to achieve a high degree of unity between the two ideas of the Marxist political and important contributions to the theory of economic relations.
(4) the relationship between politics and administration. political in content, the performance of public administration for the state to perform the task. As Lenin pointed out: set direction, determine the way of national activities, tasks and content. For the Marxist political theory of great practical significance of the kinds of Marxist political concept, but a banner for the exploitation of the name of Marxism and anti-people acts of looting and other ridiculous excuse theory.
Yes, of course, the ruling class political interests of the Group to maintain its most important tools. In Constitution of the People's Republic flower This means that in China, the 9.6 million square kilometers of land, safeguarding the interests of the overwhelming majority of people will always be China's largest political, any laws, regulations, policies, rules and regulations are not contrary to the fundamental interests of the people to maintain maximum of this principle. Otherwise, any person who, by safeguarding the people's interests slogans, the line of actual harm the interests of the people, the law will be severely punished and people cast aside.
Second, The fallacy of black and white reversed
even by the economic base determines the current political task, Ren also stood its position to give a plausible explanation: first to insist on improved quality of life in the housing market-oriented, and actively promote the development of market economy the way the housing market, maintenance of real estate as a pillar of economic development, industrial policy, rather than housing is r l a pretext for destruction and political intervention in the market , destruction and distortion of market economy the law of value. the other is to assume the responsibility of the establishment of housing security system, rather than housing is r l a pretext for political protection of the responsibility of government to the market, the government's preferential policies applied and transfer payments to low-income families as the cities do. harm the real estate industry about to be ruined, it just is the greatest political! the current housing problems, has caused strong resentment among the whole society, may even lead to social unrest, it is not related to politics, always and in any fool who? in any modern civilized society, to ensure that people live and work is the responsibility of every government to endure, is the largest political!
as a existence of housing wealth is something the market is not the Government. the government as long as a reasonable system of market economy can solve the supply problem. consumption is not the government want to restrict, but by the demand for the freedom of choice. Government has no rights should not be in the selection of the wealth of consumer and administrative intervention. property rights mm Right. greedy investors or speculators, can help consumers in the name of hoarding land in order to profiteering wantonly. Please note that housing consumption is different from your own home consumption of fruits, each covered with an apartment, it will take a certain amount of space , land and building materials, planning and control is not there anything the Government of the reason? In fact, even if you have full private property rights, does not mean you can in their own rooms and courtyards within the cultivation of opium, the military drill, but is subject to property rights a set of legally binding right to it under.
explained by Ren, the Government should not present any amendment to the real estate market system, not with the housing is jurisdiction of the real estate market, market speculation led to some of the people can not afford housing, who can not afford housing in the housing security responsibility, to do with real estate developers led the market, pretentiously, Ren accused the local government some the family has requested a government guarantee not only the right to live but to greatly improve the standard bed to have a house full property rights. It may in any economically developed countries can not be completed in the protection of China in the development of more is a fantasy. . in the existing pattern of income distribution, the ; a Government that housing rights of the bed? of why things should be borne by the Government lease? While some low income, but in accordance with the affordable housing price of 2,000 yuan per square meter, 90 square meters of a housing price of more than 18 million in the bank with the support of consumer credit I believe that even the poor families, is also entirely possible to have a dream house.
Ren also warned: rights and security chaos and the market economy system, the confusion, which inevitably result in social attitudes and values of the confusion caused by the confusion between security and consumption. the distribution of wealth, distribution of low-income families not Yaoji housing wealth, but according to the Government's financial and economic base to provide protection of restrictive living conditions. mm predatory system of the real estate market is one of the most important outcomes of reform, no doubt and negation; market has its own rules and laws of operation, skyrocketing housing prices is the natural result of market operation; the government and the public should accept the real estate operation of the market all the results of the market through the establishment of housing security system, to eliminate the contradictions.
However, Ren's the logic of this explanation has obvious mistakes, ignoring the limited land resources and can not be repeated coverage: And if the land area of the market accounted for 90% of available land, the remaining 10% of the Government to protect the land in any case the market can not solve the vast majority of people out of the social exclusion of the public housing needs. And if the Government to protect the land accounted for 90% of available land, while only 10% of the land market, the vast majority of people's housing problems can be solved in theory. But taking into account the limitations of government money and effort, to mobilize civil society organizations and government construction of housing may be developed is the most economical, which can be a lot of work to the private real estate management and marketing solution, and as long as the income of a small number of very low cost housing to poor construction. taking into account the 10% of the land which collusion and harm people and property prevalence of many defects such as speculative, the implementation of the Government in these land development model of civil co-operation is necessary and feasible, this would make collusion building enterprise scale business development, real estate investment fund operating lease, the government housing welfare system, the health of the housing co-existence model, which is also Europe and other developed market economies, the government solve the housing problem of the common success.
clear from the Ren's argued that it is to maintain the status of right and wrong of their predators, the words of the spell of confused right and wrong, is typical for the exploiter, and the enemy of the masses of the absurd remarks on the current Chinese real estate problems to solve, can only increase confusion and not constructive.
three of China's current social classes and strata of the words and deeds of Ren
Why not purely theoretical discussion, but for the performance of different interest groups can not reconcile the contradiction? need from China various classes and strata of society and contradictions of the relationship to start.
China's current existence of classes and class? there is any kind of class and class? is to study and solve China's political problems must first be clarified. Recently a number of economic and political theory is not convincing, mainly because at this stage has in fact denies the very existence of the social structure of the classes and strata. Therefore, to analyze the political, not pay attention to current Chinese social classes and strata to pursue their own interests, The start of the class and class, class and class, social groups and the struggle between social groups and the game. Some of these struggles are antagonistic, irreconcilable, or significant changes need to advance the struggle to be addressed; some are non-confrontational in that it can be resolved through coordination.
these social strata in China's economic status and political attitudes, as a general analysis.
(a) of the official classes
current level Chinese officials large number of many types. official classes not only in the party, government, military, judicial organs at all levels, and in state organs and institutions, research institutes and universities, national commercial banks, large state-owned enterprises and other units, official classes are also abound, they are an important national decision-making control over resources, control and user.
reform and opening up, China on the local political system reform, using legal means to gradually replace the democratic means. posters, great debates Chinese officials tortured class, get a nearly 30-year mm field of right of approval of land, finance, taxation, state-owned enterprises, planning quotas, market access approval, the official classes of rights and brought great aura, but also for them to get a group of scum illegal wealth through collusion created conditions. At present, many senior officials have become rich-quick class, at home and abroad with large deposits, stocks and real estate, big spenders, this can be endless, the hundreds of billions of corruption were proven big.
China is now an extreme but in fact has completely lost faith in communism, became a purely personal pursuit of material wealth are. them through the increasingly luxurious decoration and heavily guarded office security system itself is far separated from the general public; they Faith is only money and power, through force and deceit, collusion, and even at the expense of national interests to meet their bribery promotion, common interest groups, they Guanguanxianghu, intertwined, and gradually became a common masses against the , without fear of power, serving the people wholeheartedly. These people are the essence of the Communist Party of China and China during the present and hope for the future, we must rely on the party's political core.
(b) of the wealthy class in China
wealthy class can be divided into four categories:
first class is the origin of the next generation of distinguished officials. They use a special power and deep-rooted family political ties, mainly engaged in the reselling of ordinary people simply can not meddle in government-controlled various resources, such as administrative approvals, land, credit, quotas, tax breaks; in the field of competitive markets, they cut off the power to use economic resources to block competitors .20 Century 80-90 years, many people engaged in the production of these ; profiteering but cling to power and privilege through, illegal operations and brutalizing workers riches class. These people now account for the vast majority of China's richest people. These people are a common feature of the low cultural level, strong family ties and government officials, many people a triad background, the prevalence of illicit enrichment life decay, has become the serious harm of the Chinese society as a group. Although these people have the donor community charity, but its essence is the purpose of seizing reputation and relationships, there is no social significance.
people may wonder Why those born superior no surgery of the generation, in the business and the lack of basic business management skills and toughness, a truly talented business elite, there is very little; the second is more grass-roots mandate to act, but substantive behind his stealth operation.
third is in the high-tech industry, science and technology development personnel or business management elite. they passed on the new economy business model innovation, on China's vast, fast-growing market support, the use of outside venture capital investment and market opportunities overseas, access to hundreds of millions worth mm These people are rare in China to legal means to obtain riches classes.
The fourth category is active in sports stars of the arts class . sports star known artists, the main liberation and dignitaries were removed from between the rivers and lakes, despite the possibility of salary, but very low social status. After the liberation of artists to be included in a part of the people, and the general public the same access to social work through the arts average income, and enjoyed in the past never had the social status. reform and opening up, China's rapid economic development and promoting market-oriented cultural industry, artists have become the most powerful of modern business competition spokesman, has attracted many new artists, Hong Kong and Taiwan join, get the unique history of the economic status and social status.
economic backwardness of the Chinese mainland artists on why the economically developed than Taiwan, Hong Kong is even higher, I think the struggle was mainly due to lack of basic rights of workers, low income of the farmers, the majority of disposable income into the national treasury by officials, as well as various types of enterprises dominated by the overhead and profit project. Thus, the stars in all kinds of luxury by the government pay for social welfare activities, and more significant endorsement for the enterprise product marketing activities, has become China's artists on Kim Doo-Jin, unique among the new rich-quick class external environment.
However, the Chinese artists for the entertainment reporters repeatedly that exposure of the scandal thing, their social status officials can not be compared to far; as a star campaign commercial short-term (c) of the petty bourgeoisie (or the middle class)
sell petty bourgeoisie is to rely on knowledge, technology, management and other complex work, resulting in higher household income and social status and a middle class, including university professors, research staff, doctors, lawyers, accountants, civil authorities (non-officials), media, property owners and individual businesses, business management personnel. before the reform and opening up, because the value of knowledge has not been fully recognized, there have been The better to take the razor, local workers on the 3-10 times the average monthly wage.
small asset class has the highest level of the knowledge society as a whole culture, is the creator of social knowledge, public and cultural leader. and star performers, like a small asset class as workers , the low income of the farmers beneficiaries of the national income distribution, and enjoyed spending from government, corporate overhead and profit distribution of the benefits brought about. Therefore, most of them argue the status quo and oppose change, path dependence hope to get more social benefits; of course, there are some clear them who want to push through its own cry and structural changes in China's social development.
Overall, the petty bourgeoisie is undoubtedly the voice of China is the most element of a class. But one thing is certain, except in a very individual as the running dogs of the very few willing people, the petty bourgeoisie and the overall look is the collusion of real estate riches of the opponents, and possibly through situation of a difference.
(d) workers and peasantry
the history of the Chinese Communist Party, the working class is the leading class, the peasants and the working class, the Communist Party's most reliable allies. But the situation in the reform and opening up After the dramatic changes: in addition to a large number of worker-peasant class differentiation from out of official classes, the rich class and the petty bourgeoisie, the working class, mainly by the laid-off workers, unemployed workers, prostitutes, rickshaw pullers, taxi drivers, hawkers and urban street widely distributed in the industrial and commercial enterprises and other low-wage manual workers constituted. In recent years, a large number of migrant workers into the city began, between the workers and peasants into a special group between. But the whole, migrant workers still have to go the whole class to the peasant class. although they were a lot of city statistics among the resident population of the city, but most of sojourn in the shed, basement, or call the houses in the village among the city simply can not integrate into the mainstream of modern Chinese city status is lowest, the lowest income a group.
the most backward rural areas is a village In 1984, the city became the focus of reform of economic system reform, rural reform has gradually been marginalized, the actual net income growth of farmers has declined. Moreover, the education industry leads to the arbitrary charges, the serious lack of medical care in rural and urban health care costs have risen considerably, so that farmers in a very vulnerable and the poor state of the disease after a lot of people to save money, would rather die! them with city officials and the wealthy class is the two extremes of the social structure in China.
urban construction land area as the continuous expansion of the local government and urban real estate developer based operator of the subject, began to collective farmers and urban residents of the land as a predatory target, resulting in a large number of landless peasants were forced to the cities; the city has long maintained a low wage, or even simple reproduction of coverage for the cost of living labor, farmers working in a very unstable state of rapid flow.
in the United States and Europe, wage workers accounted for more than 50% of national income. But in China, while the workers and peasants did not have the right to form their own organization, but no right to implement the strike, they can only owners of capital available to them to accept unlimited meager wages. centered on economic development policy more capital to maintain the interests of owners, local governments clearly close to the owners of capital and away from grass-roots workers, resulting in most of the national income business owners and government tax take, the workers and peasants in class absolute poverty of living conditions.
can see that Chinese workers and farmers are dedicated to China's reform and opening up, and get at least the class, they are the most eager to change the status quo is the most social change in China active participants and supporters.
of various classes and strata of Chinese society analysis, help to understand and grasp the current political problems in China, but also help us analyze the theoretical point of view Ren and represent the interests of the class. Ren which class they belong to, what type it? Ren himself and the people can make a choice.
China is a people's democratic dictatorship of socialist state, but among them there is the current political class and the wealthy class by officials under the control of and increasingly divorced from the fundamental interests of broad masses of people trends and risks. change this situation, the Communists and people of all facing the most urgent political task.
Fourth, China's biggest political is to eliminate the current real estate special interests and unequal
for a country, the political tasks in different periods have different emphases, but the point is only one, that is, to maximize the standard of living of the masses.
China is improving The biggest living standards contradiction is from the collusion of real estate special interest groups to create large-scale people's lives and property looted. Ironically, these corrupt officials and in having a The hint of a taste of the Communists? and their interpretation of the special interests, the plundering as a remuneration ; and and policies, so do the predators and rapists, development work, demolishing houses one after another, highly decorated, Xicheng District, which elected deputies, model workers in Beijing, and won the national another representative of the rich and powerful!
Ren called sacred cause see most capitalist countries, the construction industry is one of the three pillars of the national economy, it is not unreasonable. In the past we have very great importance to the construction industry, only to see it as a consumption problem. build up the house, of course, for the people living services. but this sector of information production and consumption, but also the development of production and increase revenue, an important production sector. to change a concept that the construction industry is losing money, is to increase revenue for the country, a significant increase in the accumulation of production sector. Otherwise, you can not explain why capitalist countries regard it as one of the three pillars of the economy. So in the long-term planning, must the construction industry in an important position. with this, the construction industry developed, large numbers of people can solve the employment problem, to be more houses, better meet the needs of urban and rural people. With the construction industry to promote the building materials industry. , a series of housing allocation policy. urban residents can buy a house, you can own cover. not only a new house can be sold, the old house can be sold. can be one payment, you can also hire, ten, fifteen years to pay clear. residential sale after the rent I am afraid to be adjusted. To contact the Housing home to adjust the rent, so that people considering buying ...
Mm split Ren , there is no common language, so I will not, as Mr. Yi Xianrong, like, and Ren have discussed asking questions. long time ago, I would Ren integrated into the every word spoken, and both are represented by a predator and rapist's absurd remarks self-defense! In my opinion, Ren and I represent real estate developers, groups, and acted in collusion with corrupt officials who belong to create political problems of housing in China your right to express their views! Ren access to civilians in the country, has long been a disgrace to the people can be assumed or otherwise actionable comments, and become entitled to vote on the innocence or guilt of the civilian members of the jury; Ren also not like the vast majority of people like by China's judicial justice, depriving the corresponding period of political rights.
I do not know Ren often visited Europe and the United States, have not seen with the Huayuan company of the same type of large-scale development of ? If not, Ren Why so arrogant? With more than plunder, rape is much more you?
However, Ren also free performances in the scene, the opportunity and the conduct of a fair, the theory of life and death fight , tit for tat for the general public the idea of a clash dedicated interpretation of reality itself has a meaning and social significance of things.
This is my original intention of writing this article.
Ren April 4, entitled Whose politics? and corruption information carefully selected spokesmen, ! after Ren's debate with them, although when the ice retreat abroad, but beating, soon returned to reposition itself in the recent practice of caused by the developer of a cheer camp. A FANS this message to Ren Road:
and it gave us the middle class or middle class people to be prepared into a sense of frustration. national in the end dominated by what kind of person, in the end know anything about governing the country, we are most concerned about. but we were slightly lightly, it is impossible shake buildings in this country. Ren's words, such as sobering, so that our enlightened national vision as well as any other people on Jun dedicate the state Xingshen. China is now at an important period of rapid development, I hope the Government to comply with economic laws, responsible to the people of history, do not always hitu restoration sagacity How can you find out real estate is very complex economic relationship! However, the cursory view Ren's article, in addition to never write any of the obscure words in the past, but throughout the text is filled with obsolete and flawed Ringer theory what is it? by Ren, quoting from a textbook is as follows: I was shocked that such a predator and rape Ren's main representative, went so far as to defense of the theoretical tools! Ren how to handle this weapon of Marxist politics to his own use? could not help but cause great interest to me.
we all know, Marx did not give us a classic definition, such as the above statement. Marxism from the beginning insisted that the political, economic, social and cultural parts are closely linked as a whole. Therefore, independent of politics outside of economics, is an ideological distortion, there is no practical significance. Therefore, Marx never think that there is no interpretation of Marxist politics, to understand from four aspects:
(1) the relationship between politics and the state. Marxist view that politics is the core issue of state power. state as arising from society but living in society and increasingly on the strength of the same community from the increasingly close integration with the political, corporate interests as the ruling class to maintain the most important political tool.
(2) politics and class relations. in a class society, the political class or classes subject is , the political essence of the relationship between class and class, between class and class struggle. the political struggle is the embodiment of class struggle.
(3) the relationship between politics and economics. Marxist view that politics is based on economy, politics is the concentrated expression of economic, political reaction on the economy strong. people in life occurred in the social production relations of production constitutes the sum of the economic structure of society, which consists of legal and political superstructure erected on it, and have some form of social consciousness corresponding basis in reality. the reality in China, Deng Xiaoping, from the perspective of economic development and political problems, economic and political integration is to achieve a high degree of unity between the two ideas of the Marxist political and important contributions to the theory of economic relations.
(4) the relationship between politics and administration. political in content, the performance of public administration for the state to perform the task. As Lenin pointed out: set direction, determine the way of national activities, tasks and content. For the Marxist political theory of great practical significance of the kinds of Marxist political concept, but a banner for the exploitation of the name of Marxism and anti-people acts of looting and other ridiculous excuse theory.
Yes, of course, the ruling class political interests of the Group to maintain its most important tools. In Constitution of the People's Republic flower This means that in China, the 9.6 million square kilometers of land, safeguarding the interests of the overwhelming majority of people will always be China's largest political, any laws, regulations, policies, rules and regulations are not contrary to the fundamental interests of the people to maintain maximum of this principle. Otherwise, any person who, by safeguarding the people's interests slogans, the line of actual harm the interests of the people, the law will be severely punished and people cast aside.
Second, The fallacy of black and white reversed
even by the economic base determines the current political task, Ren also stood its position to give a plausible explanation: first to insist on improved quality of life in the housing market-oriented, and actively promote the development of market economy the way the housing market, maintenance of real estate as a pillar of economic development, industrial policy, rather than housing is r l a pretext for destruction and political intervention in the market , destruction and distortion of market economy the law of value. the other is to assume the responsibility of the establishment of housing security system, rather than housing is r l a pretext for political protection of the responsibility of government to the market, the government's preferential policies applied and transfer payments to low-income families as the cities do. harm the real estate industry about to be ruined, it just is the greatest political! the current housing problems, has caused strong resentment among the whole society, may even lead to social unrest, it is not related to politics, always and in any fool who? in any modern civilized society, to ensure that people live and work is the responsibility of every government to endure, is the largest political!
as a existence of housing wealth is something the market is not the Government. the government as long as a reasonable system of market economy can solve the supply problem. consumption is not the government want to restrict, but by the demand for the freedom of choice. Government has no rights should not be in the selection of the wealth of consumer and administrative intervention. property rights mm Right. greedy investors or speculators, can help consumers in the name of hoarding land in order to profiteering wantonly. Please note that housing consumption is different from your own home consumption of fruits, each covered with an apartment, it will take a certain amount of space , land and building materials, planning and control is not there anything the Government of the reason? In fact, even if you have full private property rights, does not mean you can in their own rooms and courtyards within the cultivation of opium, the military drill, but is subject to property rights a set of legally binding right to it under.
explained by Ren, the Government should not present any amendment to the real estate market system, not with the housing is jurisdiction of the real estate market, market speculation led to some of the people can not afford housing, who can not afford housing in the housing security responsibility, to do with real estate developers led the market, pretentiously, Ren accused the local government some the family has requested a government guarantee not only the right to live but to greatly improve the standard bed to have a house full property rights. It may in any economically developed countries can not be completed in the protection of China in the development of more is a fantasy. . in the existing pattern of income distribution, the ; a Government that housing rights of the bed? of why things should be borne by the Government lease? While some low income, but in accordance with the affordable housing price of 2,000 yuan per square meter, 90 square meters of a housing price of more than 18 million in the bank with the support of consumer credit I believe that even the poor families, is also entirely possible to have a dream house.
Ren also warned: rights and security chaos and the market economy system, the confusion, which inevitably result in social attitudes and values of the confusion caused by the confusion between security and consumption. the distribution of wealth, distribution of low-income families not Yaoji housing wealth, but according to the Government's financial and economic base to provide protection of restrictive living conditions. mm predatory system of the real estate market is one of the most important outcomes of reform, no doubt and negation; market has its own rules and laws of operation, skyrocketing housing prices is the natural result of market operation; the government and the public should accept the real estate operation of the market all the results of the market through the establishment of housing security system, to eliminate the contradictions.
However, Ren's the logic of this explanation has obvious mistakes, ignoring the limited land resources and can not be repeated coverage: And if the land area of the market accounted for 90% of available land, the remaining 10% of the Government to protect the land in any case the market can not solve the vast majority of people out of the social exclusion of the public housing needs. And if the Government to protect the land accounted for 90% of available land, while only 10% of the land market, the vast majority of people's housing problems can be solved in theory. But taking into account the limitations of government money and effort, to mobilize civil society organizations and government construction of housing may be developed is the most economical, which can be a lot of work to the private real estate management and marketing solution, and as long as the income of a small number of very low cost housing to poor construction. taking into account the 10% of the land which collusion and harm people and property prevalence of many defects such as speculative, the implementation of the Government in these land development model of civil co-operation is necessary and feasible, this would make collusion building enterprise scale business development, real estate investment fund operating lease, the government housing welfare system, the health of the housing co-existence model, which is also Europe and other developed market economies, the government solve the housing problem of the common success.
clear from the Ren's argued that it is to maintain the status of right and wrong of their predators, the words of the spell of confused right and wrong, is typical for the exploiter, and the enemy of the masses of the absurd remarks on the current Chinese real estate problems to solve, can only increase confusion and not constructive.
three of China's current social classes and strata of the words and deeds of Ren
Why not purely theoretical discussion, but for the performance of different interest groups can not reconcile the contradiction? need from China various classes and strata of society and contradictions of the relationship to start.
China's current existence of classes and class? there is any kind of class and class? is to study and solve China's political problems must first be clarified. Recently a number of economic and political theory is not convincing, mainly because at this stage has in fact denies the very existence of the social structure of the classes and strata. Therefore, to analyze the political, not pay attention to current Chinese social classes and strata to pursue their own interests, The start of the class and class, class and class, social groups and the struggle between social groups and the game. Some of these struggles are antagonistic, irreconcilable, or significant changes need to advance the struggle to be addressed; some are non-confrontational in that it can be resolved through coordination.
these social strata in China's economic status and political attitudes, as a general analysis.
(a) of the official classes
current level Chinese officials large number of many types. official classes not only in the party, government, military, judicial organs at all levels, and in state organs and institutions, research institutes and universities, national commercial banks, large state-owned enterprises and other units, official classes are also abound, they are an important national decision-making control over resources, control and user.
reform and opening up, China on the local political system reform, using legal means to gradually replace the democratic means. posters, great debates Chinese officials tortured class, get a nearly 30-year mm field of right of approval of land, finance, taxation, state-owned enterprises, planning quotas, market access approval, the official classes of rights and brought great aura, but also for them to get a group of scum illegal wealth through collusion created conditions. At present, many senior officials have become rich-quick class, at home and abroad with large deposits, stocks and real estate, big spenders, this can be endless, the hundreds of billions of corruption were proven big.
China is now an extreme but in fact has completely lost faith in communism, became a purely personal pursuit of material wealth are. them through the increasingly luxurious decoration and heavily guarded office security system itself is far separated from the general public; they Faith is only money and power, through force and deceit, collusion, and even at the expense of national interests to meet their bribery promotion, common interest groups, they Guanguanxianghu, intertwined, and gradually became a common masses against the , without fear of power, serving the people wholeheartedly. These people are the essence of the Communist Party of China and China during the present and hope for the future, we must rely on the party's political core.
(b) of the wealthy class in China
wealthy class can be divided into four categories:
first class is the origin of the next generation of distinguished officials. They use a special power and deep-rooted family political ties, mainly engaged in the reselling of ordinary people simply can not meddle in government-controlled various resources, such as administrative approvals, land, credit, quotas, tax breaks; in the field of competitive markets, they cut off the power to use economic resources to block competitors .20 Century 80-90 years, many people engaged in the production of these ; profiteering but cling to power and privilege through, illegal operations and brutalizing workers riches class. These people now account for the vast majority of China's richest people. These people are a common feature of the low cultural level, strong family ties and government officials, many people a triad background, the prevalence of illicit enrichment life decay, has become the serious harm of the Chinese society as a group. Although these people have the donor community charity, but its essence is the purpose of seizing reputation and relationships, there is no social significance.
people may wonder Why those born superior no surgery of the generation, in the business and the lack of basic business management skills and toughness, a truly talented business elite, there is very little; the second is more grass-roots mandate to act, but substantive behind his stealth operation.
third is in the high-tech industry, science and technology development personnel or business management elite. they passed on the new economy business model innovation, on China's vast, fast-growing market support, the use of outside venture capital investment and market opportunities overseas, access to hundreds of millions worth mm These people are rare in China to legal means to obtain riches classes.
The fourth category is active in sports stars of the arts class . sports star known artists, the main liberation and dignitaries were removed from between the rivers and lakes, despite the possibility of salary, but very low social status. After the liberation of artists to be included in a part of the people, and the general public the same access to social work through the arts average income, and enjoyed in the past never had the social status. reform and opening up, China's rapid economic development and promoting market-oriented cultural industry, artists have become the most powerful of modern business competition spokesman, has attracted many new artists, Hong Kong and Taiwan join, get the unique history of the economic status and social status.
economic backwardness of the Chinese mainland artists on why the economically developed than Taiwan, Hong Kong is even higher, I think the struggle was mainly due to lack of basic rights of workers, low income of the farmers, the majority of disposable income into the national treasury by officials, as well as various types of enterprises dominated by the overhead and profit project. Thus, the stars in all kinds of luxury by the government pay for social welfare activities, and more significant endorsement for the enterprise product marketing activities, has become China's artists on Kim Doo-Jin, unique among the new rich-quick class external environment.
However, the Chinese artists for the entertainment reporters repeatedly that exposure of the scandal thing, their social status officials can not be compared to far; as a star campaign commercial short-term (c) of the petty bourgeoisie (or the middle class)
sell petty bourgeoisie is to rely on knowledge, technology, management and other complex work, resulting in higher household income and social status and a middle class, including university professors, research staff, doctors, lawyers, accountants, civil authorities (non-officials), media, property owners and individual businesses, business management personnel. before the reform and opening up, because the value of knowledge has not been fully recognized, there have been The better to take the razor, local workers on the 3-10 times the average monthly wage.
small asset class has the highest level of the knowledge society as a whole culture, is the creator of social knowledge, public and cultural leader. and star performers, like a small asset class as workers , the low income of the farmers beneficiaries of the national income distribution, and enjoyed spending from government, corporate overhead and profit distribution of the benefits brought about. Therefore, most of them argue the status quo and oppose change, path dependence hope to get more social benefits; of course, there are some clear them who want to push through its own cry and structural changes in China's social development.
Overall, the petty bourgeoisie is undoubtedly the voice of China is the most element of a class. But one thing is certain, except in a very individual as the running dogs of the very few willing people, the petty bourgeoisie and the overall look is the collusion of real estate riches of the opponents, and possibly through situation of a difference.
(d) workers and peasantry
the history of the Chinese Communist Party, the working class is the leading class, the peasants and the working class, the Communist Party's most reliable allies. But the situation in the reform and opening up After the dramatic changes: in addition to a large number of worker-peasant class differentiation from out of official classes, the rich class and the petty bourgeoisie, the working class, mainly by the laid-off workers, unemployed workers, prostitutes, rickshaw pullers, taxi drivers, hawkers and urban street widely distributed in the industrial and commercial enterprises and other low-wage manual workers constituted. In recent years, a large number of migrant workers into the city began, between the workers and peasants into a special group between. But the whole, migrant workers still have to go the whole class to the peasant class. although they were a lot of city statistics among the resident population of the city, but most of sojourn in the shed, basement, or call the houses in the village among the city simply can not integrate into the mainstream of modern Chinese city status is lowest, the lowest income a group.
the most backward rural areas is a village In 1984, the city became the focus of reform of economic system reform, rural reform has gradually been marginalized, the actual net income growth of farmers has declined. Moreover, the education industry leads to the arbitrary charges, the serious lack of medical care in rural and urban health care costs have risen considerably, so that farmers in a very vulnerable and the poor state of the disease after a lot of people to save money, would rather die! them with city officials and the wealthy class is the two extremes of the social structure in China.
urban construction land area as the continuous expansion of the local government and urban real estate developer based operator of the subject, began to collective farmers and urban residents of the land as a predatory target, resulting in a large number of landless peasants were forced to the cities; the city has long maintained a low wage, or even simple reproduction of coverage for the cost of living labor, farmers working in a very unstable state of rapid flow.
in the United States and Europe, wage workers accounted for more than 50% of national income. But in China, while the workers and peasants did not have the right to form their own organization, but no right to implement the strike, they can only owners of capital available to them to accept unlimited meager wages. centered on economic development policy more capital to maintain the interests of owners, local governments clearly close to the owners of capital and away from grass-roots workers, resulting in most of the national income business owners and government tax take, the workers and peasants in class absolute poverty of living conditions.
can see that Chinese workers and farmers are dedicated to China's reform and opening up, and get at least the class, they are the most eager to change the status quo is the most social change in China active participants and supporters.
of various classes and strata of Chinese society analysis, help to understand and grasp the current political problems in China, but also help us analyze the theoretical point of view Ren and represent the interests of the class. Ren which class they belong to, what type it? Ren himself and the people can make a choice.
China is a people's democratic dictatorship of socialist state, but among them there is the current political class and the wealthy class by officials under the control of and increasingly divorced from the fundamental interests of broad masses of people trends and risks. change this situation, the Communists and people of all facing the most urgent political task.
Fourth, China's biggest political is to eliminate the current real estate special interests and unequal
for a country, the political tasks in different periods have different emphases, but the point is only one, that is, to maximize the standard of living of the masses.
China is improving The biggest living standards contradiction is from the collusion of real estate special interest groups to create large-scale people's lives and property looted. Ironically, these corrupt officials and in having a The hint of a taste of the Communists? and their interpretation of the special interests, the plundering as a remuneration ; and and policies, so do the predators and rapists, development work, demolishing houses one after another, highly decorated, Xicheng District, which elected deputies, model workers in Beijing, and won the national another representative of the rich and powerful!
Ren called sacred cause see most capitalist countries, the construction industry is one of the three pillars of the national economy, it is not unreasonable. In the past we have very great importance to the construction industry, only to see it as a consumption problem. build up the house, of course, for the people living services. but this sector of information production and consumption, but also the development of production and increase revenue, an important production sector. to change a concept that the construction industry is losing money, is to increase revenue for the country, a significant increase in the accumulation of production sector. Otherwise, you can not explain why capitalist countries regard it as one of the three pillars of the economy. So in the long-term planning, must the construction industry in an important position. with this, the construction industry developed, large numbers of people can solve the employment problem, to be more houses, better meet the needs of urban and rural people. With the construction industry to promote the building materials industry. , a series of housing allocation policy. urban residents can buy a house, you can own cover. not only a new house can be sold, the old house can be sold. can be one payment, you can also hire, ten, fifteen years to pay clear. residential sale after the rent I am afraid to be adjusted. To contact the Housing home to adjust the rent, so that people considering buying ...
Monday, February 21, 2011
Advertising company in the face of the limitations of the brand
Advertising company in the face of the limitations of the brand
observed m Zhuanzhai
b positioning options profits; not good at matching marketing resources: Consumer heart without action
b management wholly or mainly on advertising, public relations, sponsorship and other means to may be very small, may be just a business to accelerate the demise of one of the reasons is that, VI may be just to not wear a gorgeous internal driving force of the brand's armor, Bi is and core capabilities do not match, there is no link with human resource strategy, Mi may be empty, not with business investor intentions, the strategic objectives, corporate mission, career planning, staff integration
b ; visibility, are mere formality.
b United States, deceive customers. transmission behavior, , performance management, etc., is not a task for advertising.
b brand value to all stakeholders; it is the core competencies and strategic intent, outside of the strategic objectives; is based on the value chain within the enterprise stakeholders of the company's commitment to refining; are all non-specialty business, after outsourcing as much as possible, the prominence of the brand's core value proposition (not shirk the burden of outsourcing, but to find more and better resources to become stakeholders
observed m Zhuanzhai
b positioning options profits; not good at matching marketing resources: Consumer heart without action
b management wholly or mainly on advertising, public relations, sponsorship and other means to may be very small, may be just a business to accelerate the demise of one of the reasons is that, VI may be just to not wear a gorgeous internal driving force of the brand's armor, Bi is and core capabilities do not match, there is no link with human resource strategy, Mi may be empty, not with business investor intentions, the strategic objectives, corporate mission, career planning, staff integration
b ; visibility, are mere formality.
b United States, deceive customers. transmission behavior, , performance management, etc., is not a task for advertising.
b brand value to all stakeholders; it is the core competencies and strategic intent, outside of the strategic objectives; is based on the value chain within the enterprise stakeholders of the company's commitment to refining; are all non-specialty business, after outsourcing as much as possible, the prominence of the brand's core value proposition (not shirk the burden of outsourcing, but to find more and better resources to become stakeholders
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Need Collection Set Universal Music - Classical extremely!!
Album Description:
Series 18, together with a multi-branch super-clear Music Video. In addition, popular artists will be regularly produced and all kinds of great value selection of special edition series, strive to be comprehensive than the popular version of the market.'s principles included: carefully selected global scale, the sweet sounds as the prerequisite to touch the feelings of the listener for the purpose of all the tracks must be highly collectible treasures, too popular or widespread popular music is not within the scope of the collection set collection.
[Kissmile's Music, Your Beautiful Life!]
track description:
Lesson 1
Production Period: January 2006 01. Madonna - Papa Don't Preachmm sex goddess Madonna to play hundreds of millions of people confuse love romantic masterpiece
02. Jamiroquai - Dynamitemm Jiemi Luo pan band with the indigenous style of the new album List of music to create the most excited fashion melody
03. Mandy Moore - Walk Me Homemm Mandy girl turned American sweetheart is not tired of singing songs poignant and magical desires
04. Jason Mraz - Geek In The Pinkmm talented singer Virginia Virginia M Wu Jiesen bang hippie love song
05. Evanescence feat. Paul McCoy - Bring Me To Lifemm modified version of Linkin Park Evanescence interpretation of the 21st century the most amazing psychological horror song
06. Bobby Valentino - My Angel (Never Leave You) mm Chocolate Lover man Bobby sang Angels Tears cross-flow giant
07. Meja - All 'bout The Moneymm Sweden nostalgic bang Talented Diva Maka sister song, br> 08. Suzi Kim - The Edge Of SoulmmPS bloody sword fighting game, in Valentine, Birthdaymm North America's most popular rock bands and the Russian gay rap chorus girl birthday song
12. Bo Bice - The Real Thingmm long-haired American Idol winner in 2005, Mr. Martin sang the world really love the blue
13. The Smashing Pumpkins - Eyemm Smashing Pumpkins perform abnormal global ban French horror film . Hoobastank - If I Were Youmm California rockers Hoobastank new song, 2006 Invincible Desperate white man hits
17. Ayumi Hamasaki - Rainy Daymm Japan for the PS2 game witch Ayumi Hamasaki Preferred handsome ex-boyfriend Justin Timberlake Britney
popular songs set Universal Music Collections Need Lesson 1.5
Production Period: February 2006 01. Vany - Dramaqueen
02. Ne-Yo - So Sick < br> 03. Ace Of Base - Beautiful Morning
04. The Rasmus - Smash
05. DHT - Listen To Your Heart (Edmee's Unplugged Vocal Edit)
06. Usher - U-Turn
07 . Sally Yeh & George Lam - chaos peach
08. US5 - Maria
09. Atomic Kitten - If You Come To Me (Radio Edit)
10. 'Nsync - I Drive Myself Crazy
11 . Utada Hikaru - Automatic
12. Will Smith - Black Suits Comin '(Nod Ya Head)
13. Sarah Connor feat. Natural - Just One Last Dance
14. Kinya Kotani - Anti Nostalgic
15. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment
16. Exilia - Can't Break Me Down
17. Joana Zimmer - Lucky Star
18. Five - Set Me Free
Bonus Track:
19 . Justin Timberlake feat. Clipse - Like I Love You (Instrumental)
20. 01. Switchfoot - Meant To Livemm wave rock band the world's most entrants to sing High Spider-Man Web of Eros double platinum Billboard chart fierce rock song
02. Fefe Dobson - Everythingmm shy boys crush girl brutal guitar rock fall started falling school sweetheart New music resounded through the heart bubble gum
03. Jeremy Jordan - The Right Kind Of Lovemm20 century American national icon out of print 1993 album Jeremy popular love song handsome black boy R & B Hip-Hop Radio Top U.S. men's team swept the American love songs, do not listen to
06. Daniel Powter - Bad Daymm Daniel portrait of the poet singing concert in Canada 2006 Magic of Blood without you (Darkchild Remix) mm romance among American heartthrob combination of the emotional black umbrella B2K Super Best Song of Hip-hop heavy Meng plate
11. Avril Lavigne - I Don't Givemm Hollywood interpretation of the North American youth play it cool witch Meng WARE film . Ashlee Simpson - LOVEmm overnight black hair blond Hollywood personality changed cat girl pop rock the best party songs, surgery so that you can not stop crying song
15. Tamaki Nami - Reasonmm animation Insidemm British pop princess Billie married to music before the launch of the super-rich top of the song Sri Lanka 2005 songs
18. Shania Twain feat. Mark Mcgrath - Party For Twomm country music holy Prince Queen Sha Niya and sexy couples dating Mark for the first time co-song Lesson 3
Production Period: May 2006 01. Tonic - If You Could Only Seemm Nick North America's premier classic rock band Tang masterpiece Bury girls debut album Sister bold interpretation of human small adult love
03. Jon Secada - Window To My Heartmm woman voted most worthy of the world of Cuban life man entrusted to open your Xinchuang
04. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come Truemm tears Club Swimming Pool pleasure another seven wolves Kusi to attractiveness bang first song
05. Jesse McCartney feat. Fabolous - She's No You (Neptunes Remix) mm17-year-old U.S. white and black boys rap game Jay Punishment and recycled love songs to God Bole Adams
06. Takahashi Hitomi - Kaze No Kirinmm Hitomi Takahashi of Japan exclusive esoteric fanaticism girls tease your sad situation lacrimal gland wet a towel masterpiece
07. Bobby Brown - Humpin 'Aroundmm days after the husband and wife rumored black handsome husband Bobby Whitney to create the most passionate song
08. Declan Galbraith - Tell Me Whymm Chicks lovers year-old U.S. boy sent a one-time KO tear gas all adult singers
09. Shakira feat. Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Liemm synthesis of innocence and sexy Shakira and the Latin macho Victor Leif love songs hand
10. Nelly Furtado - ... On The Radio (Remember The Days) mm Portugal Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal crisp cool sunshine sexy singles Funny Face Nili
11. The Four Tunes - Baby Girlmm combination of retro R & B soul group of four gentlemen in 2006 starting cool single Mai Kuraki portrait singing Love
17. Blue - Made For Loving Youmm combination of the blue man was never made public the British desire to make must-track collection of stunning
18. Jessica Simpson - A Little Bitmm divorce this year, the U.S. suffered a beauty Jiexi Ka proud of mushy love when cool collection of works set
Series 18, together with a multi-branch super-clear Music Video. In addition, popular artists will be regularly produced and all kinds of great value selection of special edition series, strive to be comprehensive than the popular version of the market.'s principles included: carefully selected global scale, the sweet sounds as the prerequisite to touch the feelings of the listener for the purpose of all the tracks must be highly collectible treasures, too popular or widespread popular music is not within the scope of the collection set collection.
[Kissmile's Music, Your Beautiful Life!]
track description:
Lesson 1
Production Period: January 2006 01. Madonna - Papa Don't Preachmm sex goddess Madonna to play hundreds of millions of people confuse love romantic masterpiece
02. Jamiroquai - Dynamitemm Jiemi Luo pan band with the indigenous style of the new album List of music to create the most excited fashion melody
03. Mandy Moore - Walk Me Homemm Mandy girl turned American sweetheart is not tired of singing songs poignant and magical desires
04. Jason Mraz - Geek In The Pinkmm talented singer Virginia Virginia M Wu Jiesen bang hippie love song
05. Evanescence feat. Paul McCoy - Bring Me To Lifemm modified version of Linkin Park Evanescence interpretation of the 21st century the most amazing psychological horror song
06. Bobby Valentino - My Angel (Never Leave You) mm Chocolate Lover man Bobby sang Angels Tears cross-flow giant
07. Meja - All 'bout The Moneymm Sweden nostalgic bang Talented Diva Maka sister song, br> 08. Suzi Kim - The Edge Of SoulmmPS bloody sword fighting game, in Valentine, Birthdaymm North America's most popular rock bands and the Russian gay rap chorus girl birthday song
12. Bo Bice - The Real Thingmm long-haired American Idol winner in 2005, Mr. Martin sang the world really love the blue
13. The Smashing Pumpkins - Eyemm Smashing Pumpkins perform abnormal global ban French horror film . Hoobastank - If I Were Youmm California rockers Hoobastank new song, 2006 Invincible Desperate white man hits
17. Ayumi Hamasaki - Rainy Daymm Japan for the PS2 game witch Ayumi Hamasaki Preferred handsome ex-boyfriend Justin Timberlake Britney
popular songs set Universal Music Collections Need Lesson 1.5
Production Period: February 2006 01. Vany - Dramaqueen
02. Ne-Yo - So Sick < br> 03. Ace Of Base - Beautiful Morning
04. The Rasmus - Smash
05. DHT - Listen To Your Heart (Edmee's Unplugged Vocal Edit)
06. Usher - U-Turn
07 . Sally Yeh & George Lam - chaos peach
08. US5 - Maria
09. Atomic Kitten - If You Come To Me (Radio Edit)
10. 'Nsync - I Drive Myself Crazy
11 . Utada Hikaru - Automatic
12. Will Smith - Black Suits Comin '(Nod Ya Head)
13. Sarah Connor feat. Natural - Just One Last Dance
14. Kinya Kotani - Anti Nostalgic
15. Martine McCutcheon - Perfect Moment
16. Exilia - Can't Break Me Down
17. Joana Zimmer - Lucky Star
18. Five - Set Me Free
Bonus Track:
19 . Justin Timberlake feat. Clipse - Like I Love You (Instrumental)
20. 01. Switchfoot - Meant To Livemm wave rock band the world's most entrants to sing High Spider-Man Web of Eros double platinum Billboard chart fierce rock song
02. Fefe Dobson - Everythingmm shy boys crush girl brutal guitar rock fall started falling school sweetheart New music resounded through the heart bubble gum
03. Jeremy Jordan - The Right Kind Of Lovemm20 century American national icon out of print 1993 album Jeremy popular love song handsome black boy R & B Hip-Hop Radio Top U.S. men's team swept the American love songs, do not listen to
06. Daniel Powter - Bad Daymm Daniel portrait of the poet singing concert in Canada 2006 Magic of Blood without you (Darkchild Remix) mm romance among American heartthrob combination of the emotional black umbrella B2K Super Best Song of Hip-hop heavy Meng plate
11. Avril Lavigne - I Don't Givemm Hollywood interpretation of the North American youth play it cool witch Meng WARE film . Ashlee Simpson - LOVEmm overnight black hair blond Hollywood personality changed cat girl pop rock the best party songs, surgery so that you can not stop crying song
15. Tamaki Nami - Reasonmm animation Insidemm British pop princess Billie married to music before the launch of the super-rich top of the song Sri Lanka 2005 songs
18. Shania Twain feat. Mark Mcgrath - Party For Twomm country music holy Prince Queen Sha Niya and sexy couples dating Mark for the first time co-song Lesson 3
Production Period: May 2006 01. Tonic - If You Could Only Seemm Nick North America's premier classic rock band Tang masterpiece Bury girls debut album Sister bold interpretation of human small adult love
03. Jon Secada - Window To My Heartmm woman voted most worthy of the world of Cuban life man entrusted to open your Xinchuang
04. S Club 7 - Never Had A Dream Come Truemm tears Club Swimming Pool pleasure another seven wolves Kusi to attractiveness bang first song
05. Jesse McCartney feat. Fabolous - She's No You (Neptunes Remix) mm17-year-old U.S. white and black boys rap game Jay Punishment and recycled love songs to God Bole Adams
06. Takahashi Hitomi - Kaze No Kirinmm Hitomi Takahashi of Japan exclusive esoteric fanaticism girls tease your sad situation lacrimal gland wet a towel masterpiece
07. Bobby Brown - Humpin 'Aroundmm days after the husband and wife rumored black handsome husband Bobby Whitney to create the most passionate song
08. Declan Galbraith - Tell Me Whymm Chicks lovers year-old U.S. boy sent a one-time KO tear gas all adult singers
09. Shakira feat. Wyclef Jean - Hips Don't Liemm synthesis of innocence and sexy Shakira and the Latin macho Victor Leif love songs hand
10. Nelly Furtado - ... On The Radio (Remember The Days) mm Portugal Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal crisp cool sunshine sexy singles Funny Face Nili
11. The Four Tunes - Baby Girlmm combination of retro R & B soul group of four gentlemen in 2006 starting cool single Mai Kuraki portrait singing Love
17. Blue - Made For Loving Youmm combination of the blue man was never made public the British desire to make must-track collection of stunning
18. Jessica Simpson - A Little Bitmm divorce this year, the U.S. suffered a beauty Jiexi Ka proud of mushy love when cool collection of works set
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Love does not wait for you to cherish the time before
We always thought that we would love to find a man she loved. But later, when we suddenly look back, we will find what they once naive. If never started, how do you know she will love love that person? In fact, love the feeling that a lot of things to be together after experiencing Wu found. Since hand, do not easily let go! a big crowd to find a loved one, this is such a big blessing, perhaps not as good as you think, should also not bad to go, so cherish cherish blessings, caring words to say, the less blame the words. If you treasure, you will find you get more and more If you are reimbursing the pursuit, you will find you lose more and more quickly. Love is like a reasonable, not wronged will not believe that perfect love, in fact, as long as you know, there are drawbacks to each other, a lovely simple enough a. can be romantic, but do not waste; can always holding hands, but it should not break up. We have a shoe when the other shoe will understand the taste of losing, losing things are the best, passing the love of total memorable, treasured or down, are a necessary process of life. when the need for genuine love, when a dispute need to communicate, be calm when angry, happy when the need to share blame when the need for understanding, marriage when the need tolerance. a person's life, wipe-off between the hundreds of thousands of people, there are several that music? There were a few people who love their own? its all in the seek and come back, it is better to sympathize with the immediate truth people. love no matter how robust, is always busy can not afford the erosion of chaos wasteland you busy day, you too busy to forget the care, you are too busy mentally and physically exhausted, you too busy to know what to do. just want to say: Love is not so free before you treasure!
every , you felt his heart stir, cover your eyes, heaven and earth are quiet, the only disturbed by your decision.
love someone should speak out boldly !
time is squeezed out, so to know how to cherish your love!
every , you felt his heart stir, cover your eyes, heaven and earth are quiet, the only disturbed by your decision.
love someone should speak out boldly !
time is squeezed out, so to know how to cherish your love!
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
In the drug
In the drug
Trees with the flowers the night wind, more wind the flowers like rain. In the garden, the BMW cars carved incense over the road, the wind Xiaosheng move, the city is bustling all my men generals, and Yu Hu circulation, complains everywhere. I arranged them appropriately, handy.
they have no housing, living together with text only. to come across this vast teenager, he was in white, their hair Hua Kou, dark eye was full of a wave of green water, he is coming to drown me, it is the text sent by the God that I first saw on the amazing to hate the night. I'm in these words, so I had always sink, sink, immersed in the nectar of text merged into the sea.
thank this life encounter with the text, the text also like to thank the love of women, people like a spring breeze, such as drinking rain.
because of this text, let me ordinary dull life to life.
because of this text, let me warm grief and loneliness of the heart and tie him home.
rest of his life , a companion text, I will happily grow old.
love all her characters possessed in the drug loss of bone. all is not heavenly love, hate Sansei West Side. Tianhundian moths to a flame .
Huan my broken heart. will love, but spring came Xian Hua to open. always remember that summer opened, remember the man sitting in the same, real estate broker stripping Lianpeng, steal a glance at him, his face ruddy, and cloud the horizon like glass, but I do not know clouds fugitive broken glass , the world is a good thing can there be fixed? This is the heart of Xi Yue Jun Jun do not know. and clear, love is really a monster, swallowed, not even the bones are not spit. Love is fine cup of poisoned wine, drink Weizui is not finished, must be in the drug. in the drug, still did not complain did not regret that , I will be when the only moths, is my own, where the fire had complained about it mm can be really terrible, this love to life.
curtain west, and thinner than yellow, the facial features office, all his . full of Spring plumbing, is full of spring. palm love line for so long, life come and go, loved many times, but also the situation with love, hated how many times, or forget.
love is beautiful mm do not wear wear enterotoxin intestinal several times, so it turns toxic? through the intestinal still do not regret.
love, and just a dreadful monster, swallowed it, but also glad, afraid of not clean enough to swallow completely. ;
br> ; tapestry prosperous years, the beauty of the drug, and we always meet by chance, find a half, you find love, and you may have always hiding, you no longer want it, you feel life and love mm meaningless, it fell from the sky to sound aggressive posture, look at you, you will, out of their wits. Xin Jing shirt so white waves, since then, rich ruby fragrance, she made a heart vine, they can fit inside. probably no period. love a person, a lifetime to forget. really hate a person, is not on.
that a person's prison, from rain. , and Acacia have not broken, in the dark night, long out inch by inch, with dark green green. love like a mountain torrent, the melancholy with their melancholy, joy joy of their own, pine, yellow than thin, he was a call, or innocently ran, only to look at him, only for Perfectionist smile in front of him. Do you like, I'll change myself into the way you want ......Do not tell me that you were not my favorite. privacy, as covered in mortal.
able to speak up and speak out is broken, is the undercurrent of breaking the embankment. that flooded the disaster who will pay? this collection of enchanting love to spend their own grows, almost spread disaster. but from the not their own garden. so it sunny down in the snow season is transparent, is full of good intentions ---- pain, is missing only their own night. in the drug and can only continue to uphold the only collection. ; love here, perhaps only broken once broken, never broken. weak and monotonous. I enthusiastically writing a thing of love, I know, I left it, has long been a cloud water are two different worlds. inner calm and weak, meaning beyond the love itself. is probably the greatest shortcoming of the bar.
But the human heart is fragile, love is also a joy sorrow, love one will be hurt again. only once, enough of it.
or happy or sad, or those who cold rolling thin or love and feeling, the softest place on the spiritual care collection, left to the tastes and memories of it later in life.
carries the better, with time grow old together.
Zen also learn little snow not a bad idea, only the text in this grand, the feeling of joy and pain of love and good grief.
rather lost in the Qin Xin osteoclasts words.
away from the arena of love!
Trees with the flowers the night wind, more wind the flowers like rain. In the garden, the BMW cars carved incense over the road, the wind Xiaosheng move, the city is bustling all my men generals, and Yu Hu circulation, complains everywhere. I arranged them appropriately, handy.
they have no housing, living together with text only. to come across this vast teenager, he was in white, their hair Hua Kou, dark eye was full of a wave of green water, he is coming to drown me, it is the text sent by the God that I first saw on the amazing to hate the night. I'm in these words, so I had always sink, sink, immersed in the nectar of text merged into the sea.
thank this life encounter with the text, the text also like to thank the love of women, people like a spring breeze, such as drinking rain.
because of this text, let me ordinary dull life to life.
because of this text, let me warm grief and loneliness of the heart and tie him home.
rest of his life , a companion text, I will happily grow old.
love all her characters possessed in the drug loss of bone. all is not heavenly love, hate Sansei West Side. Tianhundian moths to a flame .
Huan my broken heart. will love, but spring came Xian Hua to open. always remember that summer opened, remember the man sitting in the same, real estate broker stripping Lianpeng, steal a glance at him, his face ruddy, and cloud the horizon like glass, but I do not know clouds fugitive broken glass , the world is a good thing can there be fixed? This is the heart of Xi Yue Jun Jun do not know. and clear, love is really a monster, swallowed, not even the bones are not spit. Love is fine cup of poisoned wine, drink Weizui is not finished, must be in the drug. in the drug, still did not complain did not regret that , I will be when the only moths, is my own, where the fire had complained about it mm can be really terrible, this love to life.
curtain west, and thinner than yellow, the facial features office, all his . full of Spring plumbing, is full of spring. palm love line for so long, life come and go, loved many times, but also the situation with love, hated how many times, or forget.
love is beautiful mm do not wear wear enterotoxin intestinal several times, so it turns toxic? through the intestinal still do not regret.
love, and just a dreadful monster, swallowed it, but also glad, afraid of not clean enough to swallow completely. ;
br> ; tapestry prosperous years, the beauty of the drug, and we always meet by chance, find a half, you find love, and you may have always hiding, you no longer want it, you feel life and love mm meaningless, it fell from the sky to sound aggressive posture, look at you, you will, out of their wits. Xin Jing shirt so white waves, since then, rich ruby fragrance, she made a heart vine, they can fit inside. probably no period. love a person, a lifetime to forget. really hate a person, is not on.
that a person's prison, from rain. , and Acacia have not broken, in the dark night, long out inch by inch, with dark green green. love like a mountain torrent, the melancholy with their melancholy, joy joy of their own, pine, yellow than thin, he was a call, or innocently ran, only to look at him, only for Perfectionist smile in front of him. Do you like, I'll change myself into the way you want ......Do not tell me that you were not my favorite. privacy, as covered in mortal.
able to speak up and speak out is broken, is the undercurrent of breaking the embankment. that flooded the disaster who will pay? this collection of enchanting love to spend their own grows, almost spread disaster. but from the not their own garden. so it sunny down in the snow season is transparent, is full of good intentions ---- pain, is missing only their own night. in the drug and can only continue to uphold the only collection. ; love here, perhaps only broken once broken, never broken. weak and monotonous. I enthusiastically writing a thing of love, I know, I left it, has long been a cloud water are two different worlds. inner calm and weak, meaning beyond the love itself. is probably the greatest shortcoming of the bar.
But the human heart is fragile, love is also a joy sorrow, love one will be hurt again. only once, enough of it.
or happy or sad, or those who cold rolling thin or love and feeling, the softest place on the spiritual care collection, left to the tastes and memories of it later in life.
carries the better, with time grow old together.
Zen also learn little snow not a bad idea, only the text in this grand, the feeling of joy and pain of love and good grief.
rather lost in the Qin Xin osteoclasts words.
away from the arena of love!
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